PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, ANTHELMINTIC AND ANTILIPIDEMIC ACTIVITIES OF ILLICIUM VERUM FRUIT CULTIVATED AT KARACHI, PAKISTAN
Main Article Content
Keywords
Star anise, Illicium verum, Phytochemical analysis, Anthelmintic, Antilipidemic, Dose-dependant, Fruit extract, Fauna and flora, Pakistan, World Health Organization
Abstract
Phytoextracts and phytochemicals are widely incorporated into medicine; hence, the scientific evaluation of herbs and plants for their effects on health is progressively increasing. Moreover, the use of herbal medicines has risen globally, as per the World Health Organization report of 2003, due to their easy availability, cost-effectiveness, and greater safety index. Illicium verum Hook. f., is commonly called Star Anise. Although it has been used as a spice and medicine since ancient times, the research data on the use of its fruit against certain common diseases or disorders is insufficient. This study was aimed at phytochemically analyzing the Illicium verum fruit grown in Karachi, Pakistan, and also evaluating its anthelmintic and anti-lipidemic activities. The phytochemical analysis of the aqueous extract of Illicium verum fruit revealed flavonoids, tannins, saponins, sterols, terpenoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, and other bioactive constituents. Fecal egg reduction by 200 mg/kg/day dose was 75.5% and reductions in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were 29.2%, 32.2%, and 39.5%, which were highest, followed by 150 mg/kg/day and 100 mg/kg/day doses. The increase in beneficial high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 200 mg/kg/day dose was 50%. Significant dose-dependent anthelmintic and antilipidemic activities are exhibited by aqueous extract of Illicium verum fruit. Hence, in the future, the phytochemicals of Illicium verum fruit may be added to formulate novel drugs against helminthiasis and hyperlipidemia with an advantage of protection to the surrounding fauna and flora due to its organic nature, while considering the WHO guidelines for the monitoring of herbal medicines.
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4. Alhajj, M.S., Qasem, M.A., and Al-Mufarrej S.I. 2020. Inhibitory Activity of Illicium verum Extracts against Avian Viruses. Advances in Virology, article ID 4594635. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4594635
5. Allen, L.V. (2010). Albendazole 200 mg/5 ml Oral Suspension. U.S. Pharmacist, 35(10), 104-105
6. Alowanou, G.G., Adenile, A.D., Akouedegni, G.C., Bossou, A.C., Zinsou, F.T., Akakpo, G.C.A., Kifouly, H.A., Rinaldi, L., Himmelstjerma, G.S., Cringoli, G., and Hounzangbe-Adote, S. 2021. A comparison of Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster techniques in detecting gastrointestinal parasites in West Africa Dwarf sheep and goats and crossbreed rabbits. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 49(1), 30-38. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2021.1876703
7. Al-Shaibani, I.R.M., Phulan, M.S., Sheikh, M. 2009. Anthelmintic activity of Fumaria parviflora (Fumariaceae) against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 11, 431–436
8. Atanasov, A.G., Waltenberger, B., Pferschy-Wenzig, E.M., Linder, T., Wawrosch, C., Uhrin,P., Temml, V., Wang, L., Schwaiger, S., Heiss, E.S., Rollinger, J.M., Schuster, D., Breuss, J.M., Bochkov, V., Mihovilovic, M.D., Kopp, B., Bauer, R., Dirsch, V.M., Stuppner, H. 2015. Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotechnology Advances, 33(8), 1582-1614. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001
9. Banu, K.S. and Cathrine, L. 2015. General Techniques Involved in Phytochemical Analysis. International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science, 2(4), 25-32
10. Carpentier, Y.A., Sabotka, L. 2008. Basics in Clinical Nutrition: Lipid Metabolism. e-SPEN the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, 3(5), 188-191. doi: 10.1016/j.eclnm.2008.06.005
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12. Engstrom, M.T., Karonen, M., Ahem, J.R., Baert, N., Payre, B., Hoste, H., Salminen, J.P. 2016. Chemical Structures of Plant Hydrolyzable Tannins Reveal their in Vitro Activity against Egg Hatching and Motility of Haemonchus contortus Nematodes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(4), 840-851. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05691
13. Feng, S., Dai, Z., Liu, A.B., Huang, J., Narsipur, N., Guo, G., Kong, B., Reuhl, K., Lu, W., Luo, Z., Yang, C.S. 2018. Intake of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol alters lipid metabolism and alleviates NAFLD in mice fed a high-fat western-style diet. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1863(10), 1274-1284. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.004
14. Goel, V., Sharma, S., Chakroborty, N.K., Singla, L.D., Choudhury, D. 2023. Targeting the nervous system of the parasitic worm, Haemonchus contortus with quercetin. Heliyon, 9(2), e13699. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13699
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16. He, W.S., Zhu, H., Chen, Z.Y. 2018. Plant Sterols: Chemical and Enzymatic Structural Modifications and Effects on Their Cholesterol-Lowering Activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(12), 3047-3062. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00059
17. Iftikhar, N., Hussain, A.I., Kamal, G.M., Manzoor, S., Fatima, T., Alswailmi, F.K., Ahmad, A., Alsuwayt, B., Alnasser, S.M.A. 2022. Antioxidant, Anti-Obesity, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Polyphenol Rich Star Anise (Illicium verum) Tea in High-Fat-Sugar Diet-Induced Obesity Rat Model. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 11(11), 2240. doi: 10.3390/antiox11112240.
18. Jasmer, D.P., Goverse, A., Smant, G. 2003. Parasitic nematode interactions with mammals and plants. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 41, 245-270. doi: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052102.104023.
19. Jesch, E.D., Carr, T.P. 2017. Food Ingredients That Inhibit Cholesterol Absorption. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 22(2), 67-80. doi: 10.3746/pnf.2017.22.2.67
20. Kang, Y.M., Kim, Y.J., Kim, K. 2023. Significance of traditional herbal medicine for dyslipidemia. American Journal of Translational Research, 15(8), 5373-5388
21. Klongsiriwet, C., Quijada, J., Williams, A.R., Mueller-Harvey, I., Williamson, E.N., Hoste, H. 2015. Synergistic inhibition of Haemonchus contortus exsheathment by flavonoid monomers and condensed tannins. International Journal of Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance, 5(3), 127-134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2015.06.001
22. Maestrini, M., Tava, A., Mancini, S., Salari, S., Perrucci, S. 2019. In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Saponins Derived from Medicago spp. Plants against Donkey Gastrointestinal Nematodes. Veterinary Sciences, 6(2), 35. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6020035
23. Manjusa, A., & Pradeep, K. 2022. Herbal anthelmintic agents: a narrative review. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 42(4), 641-651. doi: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2022.04.007
24. National Institute of Health Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. 2011. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. 8th edition. The National Academic Press, Washington DC, United States. 11-199. doi: https://olaw.nih.gov/policies-laws/guide-care-use-lab-animals
25. Nixon, S.A., Welz C., Woods, D.J., Junior, L.C., Zamanian, M., Martin, R.J. 2020. Where are all the anthelmintics? Challenges and opportunities on the path to new anthelmintics. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance, 14, 8-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.07.001
26. Obranovic, M., Brys, J., Balbino, S., Skevin, D., Brys, A., Tonkovic, P., Medved, A.M., Dragovic-Uzelac, V., Kraljic, K. 2020. Fatty acid and sterol profile of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) and star anise (Illicium verum) extracted by three different methods. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Electronic Conference on Food Science and Functional Foods, 10-25, MDPI: Basel, Switzerland. doi: 10.3390/foods_2020-07687.
27. Qamar, M.F., Maqbool, A., Ahmed, N. 2011. Economic losses due to Haemonchosis in sheep and goats. Science International (Lahore), 23(4), 321-324
28. Rideout, T.C., Harding, S.V., Jones, P.J.H. 2010. Consumption of plant sterols reduces plasma and hepatic triglycerides and modulates the expression of lipid regulatory genes and de novo lipogenesis in C57BL/6J mice. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 54 Suppl 1:S7-13. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201000027.
29. Sahoo, N., Manchikanti, P., Dey, S. 2010. Herbal drugs: standards and regulation. Fitoterapia, 81(6), 462-71. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.02.001.
30. Sendow, J. 2003. Haemonchus contortus. Animal Diversity Web, Mulcrone, R.S., & Friedrich, T., editors, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. doi: https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Haemonchus_contortus/
31. Shahrajabian, M.H., Wenli, S., Cheng, Q. 2019. Chinese star anise and anise, magic herbs in traditional Chinese medicine and modern pharmaceutical science. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 5(3), 162-179. doi: 10.3329/ajmbr.v5i3.43584
32. Shaikh, T.A. 2020. Effects of Methanol Extract of Illicium verum hook. f. on Coagulation Parameters. Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry, 9(1), 22–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.36283/PJMD9-1/006
33. Sharafan. M., Jafernik, K., Ekiert, H., Kubica, P., Kocjan, R., Blicharska, E., Szopa, A. 2022. Illicium verum (Star Anise) and Trans-Anethole as Valuable Raw Materials for Medicinal and Cosmetic Applications. Molecules, 27(3), 650. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030650
34. Sharma, M.S., and Choudhary, P.R. 2014. Hypolipidemic Effect of Fenugreek Seeds and its Comparison with Atorvastatin on Experimentally Induced Hyperlipidemia. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 24(8), 539-542. PMID: 25149829.
35. Sharma, T., Pandey, B., Shrestha, B.K., Koju, G.M., Thusa, R., Karki, N. 2020. Phytochemical Screening of Medicinal Plants and Study of the Effect of Phytochemical Constituents in Seed Germination. Tribhuvan University Journal, 35(2), 1-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v35i2.36183
36. Siddiqi, H.S., Mehmood, M.H., Rehman, N.U., and Gilani, A.H. 2012. Studies on the anti-hypertensive and antidyslipidemic activities of Viola odorata leaves extract. Lipids in Health and Disease, 11, 6. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-11-6
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Published
Apr 18, 2024
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Durr-e-Shahwar Siddiqui, Syeda Afroz, SaimaMahmood Malhi, Shireen Nazir, Zoobia Ramzan, Afrina Raza, Shams ul Hasan, & Madiha Shahid. (2024). PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, ANTHELMINTIC AND ANTILIPIDEMIC ACTIVITIES OF ILLICIUM VERUM FRUIT CULTIVATED AT KARACHI, PAKISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(4), 2354-2368. https://doi.org/10.53555/6ybq5638
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Author Biographies
Durr-e-Shahwar Siddiqui
Department of Pharmacology. Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. University of Karachi.
Syeda Afroz
Department of Pharmacology. Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. University of Karachi.
Saima Mahmood Malhi
Department of Pharmacology. Dow College of Pharmacy. Faculty of pharmaceutical sciences. DUHS.Karachi
Shireen Nazir
Department of Pharmacology. Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, karachi
Zoobia Ramzan
Department of Psychiatry. Dow International Medical College. Institute of Behavioural Sciences. DUHS. Karachi
Afrina Raza
Department of Pharmacology. Dow Medical College, DUHS. Karachi
Shams ul Hasan
Department of Pharmacy. SBB Dewan University. Karachi
Madiha Shahid
Department of Pharmacology. Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. University of Karachi.
How to Cite
Durr-e-Shahwar Siddiqui, Syeda Afroz, SaimaMahmood Malhi, Shireen Nazir, Zoobia Ramzan, Afrina Raza, Shams ul Hasan, & Madiha Shahid. (2024). PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, ANTHELMINTIC AND ANTILIPIDEMIC ACTIVITIES OF ILLICIUM VERUM FRUIT CULTIVATED AT KARACHI, PAKISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(4), 2354-2368. https://doi.org/10.53555/6ybq5638