ENHANCED DECOMPOSITION OF METRONIDAZOLE IN WATER: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TIO2 AND ZNO HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Antibiotics, Metronidazole, Heterogeneous Photocatalysis, U.V./Visible Spectrophotometry
Abstract
Background: Concerns about water quality, especially regarding pharmaceuticals and micro pollutants, have escalated due to their resistance to traditional purification methods.
Methods: The efficacy of heterogeneous photocatalysis for decomposing the antibiotic metronidazole (MTZ) in water was examined, employing TiO2 and ZnO catalysts. Photo reactors maintained at controlled temperatures housed the experiments, utilizing two 6 W U.V. light bulbs for 120 minutes. Metronidazole degradation was investigated across 6 mg L-1 to 24 mg L-1 concentrations using standard solutions. U.V./Visible spectrophotometry was employed to analyze MTZ presence and quantify photo catalytic outcomes.
Results: ZnO demonstrated superior oxidation rates to TiO2 under identical conditions, indicating its more robust catalytic performance.
Conclusion: Heterogeneous photocatalysis, particularly employing ZnO, presents a promising approach for mitigating metronidazole contamination in water sources, addressing concerns over water quality and micropollutant removal.
References
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6. Bouarroudj, T., Messai, Y., Aoudjit, L., Zaidi, B., Zioui, D., Bendjama, A., . . . Bachari, K. (2024). Hydrothermal-assisted synthesis of Sr-doped SnS nanoflower catalysts for photodegradation metronidazole antibiotic pollutant in wastewater promoted by natural sunlight irradiation. Water Science & Technology, wst2024054.
7. Chaúque, B. J. M., Jank, L., Benetti, A. D., & Rott, M. B. (2024). Preliminary insights on developing a continuous-flow solar system for the photocatalytic degradation of contaminants of emerging concern in water. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-13.
8. Cojocaru, C., Pascariu, P., Romanitan, C., Silion, M., Samoila, P., & Serban, A. B. (2024). Intensification of organic pollutant degradation under visible light irradiation using ZnO nanostructured photocatalysts doped with praseodymium. Applied Surface Science, 160042.
9. Dali, A., Benssassi, M. E. H., Harakat, D., & Sehili, T. (2024). Enhanced activation of sulfite by the iron-citrate complexes under NUV irradiation for metronidazole degradation: Kinetic, degradation mechanism and efficiency in natural water. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 60, 105190.
10. Estrada-Vázquez, R., Vaca-Mier, M., Bustos-Terrones, V., Rangel-Peraza, J. G., Loaiza, J. G., Hermosillo-Nevárez, J. J., & Bustos-Terrones, Y. A. (2024). Degradation of agricultural pollutants by biopolymer-enhanced photocatalysis: application of Taguchi method for optimization. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, 137(1), 523-545.
11. Gao, T., Ma, Z., Ren, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, M., Chen, X., & Wang, J. (2024). Highly sensitive fluorescent sensing and photocatalytic degradation performance of two-dimensional Tb-organic network. Journal of Rare Earth, 42(2), 303-313.
12. Hamza, L., Laouini, S. E., Mohammed, H. A., Meneceur, S., Salmi, C., Alharthi, F., . . . Abdullah, J. A. A. (2024). Biosynthesis of ZnO/Ag nanocomposites heterostructure for efficient photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics and synthetic dyes. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie(0).
13. Hayat, A., Huang, L., Wang, Z., Ullah, R., & He, S. (2024). One-pot in situ synthesis of an NS-ligand co-doped metal-organic framework for the enhanced adsorption-assisted photocatalytic decontamination of metronidazole. RSC advances, 14(15), 10229-10243.
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15. Iqbal, Y., Ahmed, S., Aziz, M. H., Alam, M., Asif, M., & Huang, Q. (2024). Greener approach for synthesizing Ag decorated ZnO–CeO2 nanostructure using Moringa oleifera L.E. and its investigation photocatalyst for ciprofloxacin and methylene orange degradation. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 129299.
16. Istiqomah, N. I., Budianti, S. I., Cuana, R., Puspitarum, D. L., Mahardhika, L. J., & Suharyadi, E. (2024). Magnetically separable and reusable Fe3O4/chitosan nanocomposites green synthesized utilizing Moringa oleifera extract for rapid photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue—results in Chemistry, 7, 101245.
17. Kareem, A., Thenmozhi, K., Hari, S., Ponnusamy, V. K., & Senthilkumar, S. (2024). Metal-free carbon-based anode for electrochemical degradation of tetracycline and metronidazole in wastewater. Chemosphere, 351, 141219.
18. Keşir, M. K., & Bıyıklıoğlu, Z. (2024). Peripherally tetra-substituted zinc (II) phthalocyanine sensitized TiO2 composite: Monitoring with tandem LC/MS and photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin—Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 1005, 122969.
19. Kharouf, M., Zyoud, A., Zyoud, S., Qamhieh, N., Hajamohideen, A., & Hilal, H. (2024). Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of phenazopyridine using rutile TiO2/clay composite: catalyst recovery and environmental implications. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1-18.
20. Lin, H., Yang, C., Fatolahi, L., Janani, B. J., & Sillanpää, M. (2024). Defect evolution on samarium doped Na2TinO2n+ 1 activity with different sodium/titanium ratios for photocatalytic degradation of fluoroquinolones drugs, toxicity assessments, and eco-toxicity prediction. Ceramics International.
21. Liu, X., Ghosh, M. K., Wang, J., Zhong, X., Muddassir, M., Zhao, H., & Ghorai, K. (2024). Syntheses and photochemically antibiotic degradation of two Co (II)-based coordination polymers. Polyhedron, 116958.
22. Lushaj, E., Bordin, M., Akbar, K., Liccardo, L., Barroso‐Martín, I., Rodríguez‐Castellón, E., . . . Polo, F. (2024). Highly Efficient Solar‐Light‐Driven Photodegradation of Metronidazole by Nickel Hexacyanoferrate Nanocubes Showing Enhanced Catalytic Performances. Small Methods, 2301541.
23. Mohan, H., Sathya, P. M., Vadivel, S., Seralathan, K.-K., & Shin, T. (2024). Photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics and pharma pollutants in water Advanced Functional Materials and Methods for Photodegradation of Toxic Pollutants (pp. 255-280): Elsevier.
24. Moslehi, M. H., Zadeh, M. S., Nateq, K., Shahamat, Y. D., Khan, N. A., & Nasseh, N. (2024). A statistical, computational optimization approach for photocatalytic-ozonation decontamination of metronidazole in aqueous media using CuFe2O4/SiO2/ZnO nanocomposite. Environmental Research, 242, 117747.
25. Muthukutty, B., Arumugam, B., Ramaraj, S. K., Selvaraj, M., Assiri, M. A., & Lee, D. (2024). Enhancing metronidazole photodegradation by applying dysprosium vanadate/oxidized carbon nanofiber composite. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 58, 104806.
26. Pascariu, P., Cojocaru, C., Ciornea, V., Romanitan, C., & Serban, A. B. (2024). Visible light-responsive Ce-doped ZnO ceramic nanostructures are effective photocatalysts for removing persistent organic pollutants from contaminated waters. Materials Today Sustainability, 100719.
27. Rahman, M. S., Suvo, M. A. H., Islam, M. T., Yeachin, N., & Bhuiyan, M. A. (2024). Fast and efficient removal of metronidazole from aqueous solution using graphene oxide (G.O.) supported nitrogen (N) doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 133660.
28. Rani, M., Choudhary, S., Shukla, G., & Shanker, U. (2024). Highly efficient photo-adsorptive degradation of tetracycline and metronidazole antibiotics by green synthesized Ag doped CeO2@ SnO2 nanocomposites. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 100935.
29. Roslan, N. N., Lau, H. L. H., Suhaimi, N. A. A., Shahri, N. N. M., Verinda, S. B., Nur, M., . . . Usman, A. (2024). Recent Advances in Advanced Oxidation Processes for Degrading Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater—A Review. Catalysts, 14(3), 189.
30. Saib, F., Laoui, F., Aoudjit, L., Touahra, F., Rekhila, G., Lerari, D., . . . Trari, M. (2024). Physical and photo-electrochemical characterization of Ca2Fe2O5 for metronidazole antibiotic degradation under sunlight. Optical Materials, 148, 114806.
31. Salmi, C., Souhaila, M., Salah Eddine, L., Mohammed, H. A. M., Hasan, G. G., & Mahboub, M. S. (2024). Biosynthesis of Mn3O4/PVP nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes under sunlight irradiation. Journal of Cluster Science, 35(1), 201-215.
32. Shabanian-Boroujeni, E., & Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, A. (2024). The coupled WO3-AgBr nanocatalyst, part I: Experimental design, kinetics, and mechanism studies of the boosted photocatalytic activity towards metronidazole in an aqueous solution. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 446, 115148.
33. Shee, N. K., & Kim, H.-J. (2024). Complementary metalloporphyrin-based nanostructure decorated with silver nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 112252.
34. Shuvo, M. S. H., Putul, R. A., Hossain, K. S., Masum, S. M., & Molla, M. A. I. (2024). Photocatalytic Removal of Metronidazole Antibiotics from Water Using Novel Ag-N-SnO2 Nanohybrid Material. Toxics, 12(1), 36.
35. Sruthi, L., Subhiksha, V., Alahmadi, T. A., Ansari, M. J., Janani, B., & Khan, S. S. (2024). In-situ topotactic transition of LaVO4/Bi12O17Br2 NCs by unveiling O defects and pn heterojunction formation for photodegradation of metronidazole: Reactions, pathway, and its by-product toxicity evaluation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 174019.
36. Subhiksha, V., Okla, M. K., Sivaranjani, P., Abdel-Maksoud, M. A., Alatar, A. A., Al-Amri, S. S., . . . Khan, S. S. (2024). Interstitial decoration of Ag linking 3D Cu2O octahedron and 2D CaWO4 for augmented visible light active photocatalytic degradation of rifampicin and genotoxicity studies. Journal of Environmental Management, 354, 120451.
37. Targhan, H., Rezaei, A., Aliabadi, A., Zheng, H., Cheng, H., & Aminabhavi, T. M. (2024). Adsorptive and photocatalytic degradation of imidacloprid pesticide from wastewater via the fabrication of ZIF-CdS/Tpy quantum dots. Chemical Engineering Journal, 482, 148983.
38. Waghmare, A., Rathore, R., Pandey, A., & Chandra, V. (2024). Highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange dye under solar light using Polyaniline@ Iron phosphate nanocomposite. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 302, 117253.
39. Wang, C., Zhan, Z., Liu, H., Li, Y., Wu, J., Sun, P., & Shen, G. (2024). Single-atom iron cocatalyst for highly enhancing TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant genes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 482, 148906.
40. Wang, Z.-Y., Xu, L., Liu, C.-H., Han, S.-J., Fu, M.-L., & Yuan, B. (2024). MXene/CdS photothermal-photocatalytic hydrogel for efficient solar water evaporation and synergistic degradation of VOC. Journal of Materials Chemistry A.
41. Yaacob, N. A., Khasri, A., Mohd Salleh, N. H., & Mohd Jamir, M. R. (2024). Optimization of A.C./TiO2-Cu ternary composite preparation with enhanced U.V. light activity for adsorption–photodegradation of metronidazole via RSM-CCD. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 45(2), 249-260.
42. Yang, W., Bu, Q., Zhao, R., Huang, H., Xu, W., Jia, N., . . . Yu, G. (2024). Green batch prepared a novel C/P co-doping urchin-like TiO2 for enhanced photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of trimethoprim: emerging Contaminants, 100329.
2. Akhtar, N., Nadeem, N., Yaseen, M., Jilani, A., Mahmood, A., Zubair, U., . . . Zahid, M. (2024). Solar light-driven photocatalytic degradation potential of g-C3N4 based binary chalcogenides (AgBiS2/g-C3N4): Materials Chemistry and Physics, 316, 129067.
3. Ali, Z. S. N., Okla, M. K., Kokilavani, S., Abdel-Maksoud, M. A., Alatar, A. A., Sivaranjani, P., . . . Khan, S. S. (2024). Unraveling the enhanced rifampicin photocatalytic degradation over green-synthesized SrO2@ SnIn4S8 pn heterojunction: Pathway, toxicity evaluation, and mechanistic insights. Chemosphere, 141464.
4. Arabian, S., Gordanshekan, A., Farhadian, M., Nazar, A. R. S., Tangestaninejad, S., & Sabzyan, H. (2024). Adsorption/photocatalytic degradation of cefixime by the green Bi2WO6/g-C3N4/ZIF-67 dual S-scheme heterojunction: Artificial neural network, genetic algorithm, density functional theory, and toxicity assessments. Chemical Engineering Journal, 150686.
5. Azmoon, P., Farhadian, M., Pendashteh, A., & Navarchian, A. H. (2024). Synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of oilfield-produced water by electrospun photocatalytic Polystyrene/Nanorod-Graphitic carbon nitride fibers. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 141, 287-303.
6. Bouarroudj, T., Messai, Y., Aoudjit, L., Zaidi, B., Zioui, D., Bendjama, A., . . . Bachari, K. (2024). Hydrothermal-assisted synthesis of Sr-doped SnS nanoflower catalysts for photodegradation metronidazole antibiotic pollutant in wastewater promoted by natural sunlight irradiation. Water Science & Technology, wst2024054.
7. Chaúque, B. J. M., Jank, L., Benetti, A. D., & Rott, M. B. (2024). Preliminary insights on developing a continuous-flow solar system for the photocatalytic degradation of contaminants of emerging concern in water. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-13.
8. Cojocaru, C., Pascariu, P., Romanitan, C., Silion, M., Samoila, P., & Serban, A. B. (2024). Intensification of organic pollutant degradation under visible light irradiation using ZnO nanostructured photocatalysts doped with praseodymium. Applied Surface Science, 160042.
9. Dali, A., Benssassi, M. E. H., Harakat, D., & Sehili, T. (2024). Enhanced activation of sulfite by the iron-citrate complexes under NUV irradiation for metronidazole degradation: Kinetic, degradation mechanism and efficiency in natural water. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 60, 105190.
10. Estrada-Vázquez, R., Vaca-Mier, M., Bustos-Terrones, V., Rangel-Peraza, J. G., Loaiza, J. G., Hermosillo-Nevárez, J. J., & Bustos-Terrones, Y. A. (2024). Degradation of agricultural pollutants by biopolymer-enhanced photocatalysis: application of Taguchi method for optimization. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, 137(1), 523-545.
11. Gao, T., Ma, Z., Ren, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, M., Chen, X., & Wang, J. (2024). Highly sensitive fluorescent sensing and photocatalytic degradation performance of two-dimensional Tb-organic network. Journal of Rare Earth, 42(2), 303-313.
12. Hamza, L., Laouini, S. E., Mohammed, H. A., Meneceur, S., Salmi, C., Alharthi, F., . . . Abdullah, J. A. A. (2024). Biosynthesis of ZnO/Ag nanocomposites heterostructure for efficient photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics and synthetic dyes. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie(0).
13. Hayat, A., Huang, L., Wang, Z., Ullah, R., & He, S. (2024). One-pot in situ synthesis of an NS-ligand co-doped metal-organic framework for the enhanced adsorption-assisted photocatalytic decontamination of metronidazole. RSC advances, 14(15), 10229-10243.
14. Hojamberdiev, M., Vargas, R., Madriz, L., Yubuta, K., Kadirova, Z. C., Shaislamov, U., . . . Teshima, K. (2024). Unveiling the origin of the efficient photocatalytic degradation of nitazoxanide over bismuth (oxy) iodide crystalline phases. Environmental Science: Nano, 11(1), 336-350.
15. Iqbal, Y., Ahmed, S., Aziz, M. H., Alam, M., Asif, M., & Huang, Q. (2024). Greener approach for synthesizing Ag decorated ZnO–CeO2 nanostructure using Moringa oleifera L.E. and its investigation photocatalyst for ciprofloxacin and methylene orange degradation. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 129299.
16. Istiqomah, N. I., Budianti, S. I., Cuana, R., Puspitarum, D. L., Mahardhika, L. J., & Suharyadi, E. (2024). Magnetically separable and reusable Fe3O4/chitosan nanocomposites green synthesized utilizing Moringa oleifera extract for rapid photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue—results in Chemistry, 7, 101245.
17. Kareem, A., Thenmozhi, K., Hari, S., Ponnusamy, V. K., & Senthilkumar, S. (2024). Metal-free carbon-based anode for electrochemical degradation of tetracycline and metronidazole in wastewater. Chemosphere, 351, 141219.
18. Keşir, M. K., & Bıyıklıoğlu, Z. (2024). Peripherally tetra-substituted zinc (II) phthalocyanine sensitized TiO2 composite: Monitoring with tandem LC/MS and photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin—Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 1005, 122969.
19. Kharouf, M., Zyoud, A., Zyoud, S., Qamhieh, N., Hajamohideen, A., & Hilal, H. (2024). Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of phenazopyridine using rutile TiO2/clay composite: catalyst recovery and environmental implications. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1-18.
20. Lin, H., Yang, C., Fatolahi, L., Janani, B. J., & Sillanpää, M. (2024). Defect evolution on samarium doped Na2TinO2n+ 1 activity with different sodium/titanium ratios for photocatalytic degradation of fluoroquinolones drugs, toxicity assessments, and eco-toxicity prediction. Ceramics International.
21. Liu, X., Ghosh, M. K., Wang, J., Zhong, X., Muddassir, M., Zhao, H., & Ghorai, K. (2024). Syntheses and photochemically antibiotic degradation of two Co (II)-based coordination polymers. Polyhedron, 116958.
22. Lushaj, E., Bordin, M., Akbar, K., Liccardo, L., Barroso‐Martín, I., Rodríguez‐Castellón, E., . . . Polo, F. (2024). Highly Efficient Solar‐Light‐Driven Photodegradation of Metronidazole by Nickel Hexacyanoferrate Nanocubes Showing Enhanced Catalytic Performances. Small Methods, 2301541.
23. Mohan, H., Sathya, P. M., Vadivel, S., Seralathan, K.-K., & Shin, T. (2024). Photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics and pharma pollutants in water Advanced Functional Materials and Methods for Photodegradation of Toxic Pollutants (pp. 255-280): Elsevier.
24. Moslehi, M. H., Zadeh, M. S., Nateq, K., Shahamat, Y. D., Khan, N. A., & Nasseh, N. (2024). A statistical, computational optimization approach for photocatalytic-ozonation decontamination of metronidazole in aqueous media using CuFe2O4/SiO2/ZnO nanocomposite. Environmental Research, 242, 117747.
25. Muthukutty, B., Arumugam, B., Ramaraj, S. K., Selvaraj, M., Assiri, M. A., & Lee, D. (2024). Enhancing metronidazole photodegradation by applying dysprosium vanadate/oxidized carbon nanofiber composite. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 58, 104806.
26. Pascariu, P., Cojocaru, C., Ciornea, V., Romanitan, C., & Serban, A. B. (2024). Visible light-responsive Ce-doped ZnO ceramic nanostructures are effective photocatalysts for removing persistent organic pollutants from contaminated waters. Materials Today Sustainability, 100719.
27. Rahman, M. S., Suvo, M. A. H., Islam, M. T., Yeachin, N., & Bhuiyan, M. A. (2024). Fast and efficient removal of metronidazole from aqueous solution using graphene oxide (G.O.) supported nitrogen (N) doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 133660.
28. Rani, M., Choudhary, S., Shukla, G., & Shanker, U. (2024). Highly efficient photo-adsorptive degradation of tetracycline and metronidazole antibiotics by green synthesized Ag doped CeO2@ SnO2 nanocomposites. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 100935.
29. Roslan, N. N., Lau, H. L. H., Suhaimi, N. A. A., Shahri, N. N. M., Verinda, S. B., Nur, M., . . . Usman, A. (2024). Recent Advances in Advanced Oxidation Processes for Degrading Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater—A Review. Catalysts, 14(3), 189.
30. Saib, F., Laoui, F., Aoudjit, L., Touahra, F., Rekhila, G., Lerari, D., . . . Trari, M. (2024). Physical and photo-electrochemical characterization of Ca2Fe2O5 for metronidazole antibiotic degradation under sunlight. Optical Materials, 148, 114806.
31. Salmi, C., Souhaila, M., Salah Eddine, L., Mohammed, H. A. M., Hasan, G. G., & Mahboub, M. S. (2024). Biosynthesis of Mn3O4/PVP nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes under sunlight irradiation. Journal of Cluster Science, 35(1), 201-215.
32. Shabanian-Boroujeni, E., & Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, A. (2024). The coupled WO3-AgBr nanocatalyst, part I: Experimental design, kinetics, and mechanism studies of the boosted photocatalytic activity towards metronidazole in an aqueous solution. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 446, 115148.
33. Shee, N. K., & Kim, H.-J. (2024). Complementary metalloporphyrin-based nanostructure decorated with silver nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 112252.
34. Shuvo, M. S. H., Putul, R. A., Hossain, K. S., Masum, S. M., & Molla, M. A. I. (2024). Photocatalytic Removal of Metronidazole Antibiotics from Water Using Novel Ag-N-SnO2 Nanohybrid Material. Toxics, 12(1), 36.
35. Sruthi, L., Subhiksha, V., Alahmadi, T. A., Ansari, M. J., Janani, B., & Khan, S. S. (2024). In-situ topotactic transition of LaVO4/Bi12O17Br2 NCs by unveiling O defects and pn heterojunction formation for photodegradation of metronidazole: Reactions, pathway, and its by-product toxicity evaluation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 174019.
36. Subhiksha, V., Okla, M. K., Sivaranjani, P., Abdel-Maksoud, M. A., Alatar, A. A., Al-Amri, S. S., . . . Khan, S. S. (2024). Interstitial decoration of Ag linking 3D Cu2O octahedron and 2D CaWO4 for augmented visible light active photocatalytic degradation of rifampicin and genotoxicity studies. Journal of Environmental Management, 354, 120451.
37. Targhan, H., Rezaei, A., Aliabadi, A., Zheng, H., Cheng, H., & Aminabhavi, T. M. (2024). Adsorptive and photocatalytic degradation of imidacloprid pesticide from wastewater via the fabrication of ZIF-CdS/Tpy quantum dots. Chemical Engineering Journal, 482, 148983.
38. Waghmare, A., Rathore, R., Pandey, A., & Chandra, V. (2024). Highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange dye under solar light using Polyaniline@ Iron phosphate nanocomposite. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 302, 117253.
39. Wang, C., Zhan, Z., Liu, H., Li, Y., Wu, J., Sun, P., & Shen, G. (2024). Single-atom iron cocatalyst for highly enhancing TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant genes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 482, 148906.
40. Wang, Z.-Y., Xu, L., Liu, C.-H., Han, S.-J., Fu, M.-L., & Yuan, B. (2024). MXene/CdS photothermal-photocatalytic hydrogel for efficient solar water evaporation and synergistic degradation of VOC. Journal of Materials Chemistry A.
41. Yaacob, N. A., Khasri, A., Mohd Salleh, N. H., & Mohd Jamir, M. R. (2024). Optimization of A.C./TiO2-Cu ternary composite preparation with enhanced U.V. light activity for adsorption–photodegradation of metronidazole via RSM-CCD. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 45(2), 249-260.
42. Yang, W., Bu, Q., Zhao, R., Huang, H., Xu, W., Jia, N., . . . Yu, G. (2024). Green batch prepared a novel C/P co-doping urchin-like TiO2 for enhanced photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of trimethoprim: emerging Contaminants, 100329.
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Jun 29, 2024
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How to Cite
Sanjay Kumar Patel, Farzana Shaheen, Yaseen, Anirudh Gupta, Dr Haseeb Umar, Saba Nosheen, Ali Imran Mallhi, & Asaad Babker. (2024). ENHANCED DECOMPOSITION OF METRONIDAZOLE IN WATER: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TIO2 AND ZNO HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 2058-2070. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.6821
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Author Biographies
Sanjay Kumar Patel
University of Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA
Farzana Shaheen
Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan
Yaseen
Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
Anirudh Gupta
Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, NIMS Institute of Allied Medical Science and Technology, NIMS University Rajasthan, India
Dr Haseeb Umar
Department of Forensic Medicine, Alnafees Medical College, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan,
Saba Nosheen
Department of Chemistry, Riphah International University Islamabad, Pakistan
Ali Imran Mallhi
Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Superior University Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan
Asaad Babker
Associate Professor, Department of Hematology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan
How to Cite
Sanjay Kumar Patel, Farzana Shaheen, Yaseen, Anirudh Gupta, Dr Haseeb Umar, Saba Nosheen, Ali Imran Mallhi, & Asaad Babker. (2024). ENHANCED DECOMPOSITION OF METRONIDAZOLE IN WATER: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TIO2 AND ZNO HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 2058-2070. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.6821