ENHANCED ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF SILYMARIN AFTER PARTICLE SIZE REDUCTION TO NANOMETER SCALE
Main Article Content
Keywords
Abstract
Resistance development by microbes to the currently available drugs has driven us to find new ways to tackle this problem. Therefore, scientists had to embark on the task to find phytochemicals that could be used for the said purpose. Plant based antimicrobials are incredibly effective at combating bacterial, fungal, protozoal, and viral diseases without causing harm to humans. Silybum marianum (L.), generally known as Milk Thistle, seeds and fruits contain silymarin which has many therapeutic applications, such as antioxidand, hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial actions. Silymarin is hydrophobic and very less water insoluble with a very low oral bioavailability hampering its therapeutic effectiveness. We attempted to enhance its solubility and oral bioavaiability by reducing particle size to nanometer using two methods EPN and APSP. Characterization studies proved the reduction in its particle size and conversion to amorphous state and the bioavailability studies showed improvent in its absorption. Antimicrobial studies showed enhanced zones of inhibition and a clear reduction in MIC, MBC values compared to silymarin in the unprocessed form. The radical scavenging activity of the nanoform also increased.
References
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19. Veisi S, Johari SA, Tyler CR, Mansouri B, Esmaeilbeigi M. Antioxidant properties of dietary supplements of free and nanoencapsulated silymarin and their ameliorative effects on silver nanoparticles induced oxidative stress in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(20), 26055-63 (2021).
20. Yardım A, Kucukler S, Özdemir S, Çomaklı S, Caglayan C, Kandemir FM, Çelik H. Silymarin alleviates docetaxel-induced central and peripheral neurotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in rats. Gene, 769, 145239 (2021).
21. Eskandari F, Momeni HR. Protective effect of silymarin on viability, motility and mitochondrial membrane potential of ram sperm treated with sodium arsenite. International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine, 14(6), 397 (2016).
22. Abenavoli L, Izzo AA, Milić N, Cicala C, Santini A, Capasso R. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum): A concise overview on its chemistry, pharmacological, and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases. Phytotherapy Research, 32(11), 2202-13 (2018).
23. Zhu HJ, Brinda BJ, Chavin KD, Bernstein HJ, Patrick KS, Markowitz JS. An assessment of pharmacokinetics and antioxidant activity of free silymarin flavonolignans in healthy volunteers: a dose escalation study. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2013 Sep 1;41(9):1679-85.
24. Taran M, Safaei M, Karimi N, Almasi A. Benefits and application of nanotechnology in environmental science: an overview. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 11(1), 7860-70 (2021).
25. Vijayalakshmi K, Sivaraj D. Enhanced antibacterial activity of Cr doped ZnO nanorods synthesized using microwave processing. RSC advances. 2015;5(84):68461-9.
26. Pang Z, Raudonis R, Glick BR, Lin T-J, Cheng Z. Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: mechanisms and alternative therapeutic strategies. Biotechnology advances. 2019;37(1):177-92.
27. Abuzar SM, Hyun SM, Kim JH, Park HJ, Kim MS, Park JS, Hwang SJ. Enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs using supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process. International journal of pharmaceutics, 538(1-2), 1-3 (2018).
28. Alqahtani MS, Kazi M, Alsenaidy MA, Ahmad MZ. Advances in oral drug delivery. Frontiers in pharmacology, 12, 618411 (2021).
29. Parmar A, Sharma S. Engineering design and mechanistic mathematical models: standpoint on cutting edge drug delivery. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 100, 15-35 (2018).
30. Sher M, Zahoor M, Shah SW, Khan FA. Is particle size reduction linked to drug efficacy: an overview into nano initiatives in pharmaceuticals. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. 2023 Jun 2(0).
31. Verma V, Ryan KM, Padrela L. Production and isolation of pharmaceutical drug nanoparticles. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 603, 120708 (2021).
32. Recharla N, Riaz M, Ko S, Park S. Novel technologies to enhance solubility of food-derived bioactive compounds: A review. Journal of Functional Foods, 39, 63-73 (2017).
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Dec 02, 2023
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How to Cite
Mujahid Sher, Ishtiaq Hussain, Naila Gulfam, Hamid Hussain Afridi, Wiaam Mujahid Sher, Muhammad Ateeq, Farhat Ali Khan, Muhammad Saqib Khalil, Akhtar Aman, Mohammad Sulaiman, Alija Baig, & Fawad Ali. (2023). ENHANCED ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF SILYMARIN AFTER PARTICLE SIZE REDUCTION TO NANOMETER SCALE. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(19), 46-84. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i19.3591
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Author Biographies
Mujahid Sher
Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad - Pakistan. Orcid.org/0000-0002-4594-9821.
Ishtiaq Hussain
Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad - Pakistan.
Naila Gulfam
Jinnah College for women, University of Peshawar, KP – Pakistan.
Hamid Hussain Afridi
Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir Upper 18000, - Pakistan.
Wiaam Mujahid Sher
Khyber medical college, Peshawar KP - Pakistan
Muhammad Ateeq
Sarhad Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Sarhad University Of Science And InformationTechnology.
Farhat Ali Khan
Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir Upper 18000 - Pakistan.
Muhammad Saqib Khalil
Sarhad Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Sarhad University of Science And Information Technology - Pakistan
Akhtar Aman
Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir Upper 18000 – Pakistan
Mohammad Sulaiman
Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing - China.
Alija Baig
Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar - Pakistan
Fawad Ali
Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology Bacha Khan University Charsadda – Pakistan
How to Cite
Mujahid Sher, Ishtiaq Hussain, Naila Gulfam, Hamid Hussain Afridi, Wiaam Mujahid Sher, Muhammad Ateeq, Farhat Ali Khan, Muhammad Saqib Khalil, Akhtar Aman, Mohammad Sulaiman, Alija Baig, & Fawad Ali. (2023). ENHANCED ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF SILYMARIN AFTER PARTICLE SIZE REDUCTION TO NANOMETER SCALE. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(19), 46-84. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i19.3591