DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION: THE EVOLUTION OF NEUROMODULATION FOR MOVEMENT DISORDERS
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Abstract
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a cornerstone in the surgical management of medication-refractory movement disorders. Since its FDA approval in the late 1990s, the field has undergone a significant evolution, transitioning from simple high-frequency stimulation to sophisticated, "smart" neuromodulation. This paper reviews the historical trajectory, technological advancements, and clinical outcomes associated with DBS. We examine the shift from conventional continuous stimulation to directional leads and sensing-enabled pulse generators that allow for "closed-loop" systems.1 The abstract highlights the refinement of anatomical targeting, specifically the Subthalamic Nucleus (STN) and Globus Pallidus Internus (GPi), through advanced neuroimaging. Data indicates that DBS significantly improves motor fluctuations and quality of life, though challenges remain regarding neuropsychiatric side effects and electrode placement precision. As of 2021, the integration of artificial intelligence and personalized programming represents the new frontier. This review concludes that while DBS is no longer "experimental," its future lies in the transition from a standardized intervention to a personalized, physiologically driven therapy.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Dr. Kotha Arjun Reddy
Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education & Research
Dr. Rajyalakshmi Edupuganti
Assistant Professor. Department of Neurosurgery, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education & Research
