THE WORRYING TREND OF KLEBSIELLA SPECIES DEVELOPING MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE. IS IT EMERGING SUPERBUG?
Main Article Content
Keywords
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca are the two most commonly found species of Klebsiella that cause infections in humans. Klebsiella species are responsible for urinary tract infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and bloodstream infections (sepsis), among other ailments, and are becoming increasingly deadly. Klebsiella species have been linked to different infection types, and a particularly concerning trend is the rise of multidrug-resistant strains, especially those associated with hospital-acquired infections. Strains of bacteria that produce Klebsiella carbapenemases and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) are emerging rapidly as significant contributors to multidrug-resistant infections globally. Bacterial isolates that carry these enzymes can break down a wide range of β-lactams, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. Numerous cases have shown resistance to nearly all antibiotics, prompting us to investigate their resistance patterns. A total of one hundred clinical isolates were gathered from various wards, including ICU, NICU, PICU, and postoperative areas at a tertiary care hospital in Bhilwara district. Among these, fifty-two confirmed samples of Klebsiella species were subjected to further testing for antibiotic susceptibility. The research was conducted over a seven-month period, starting from February 2022 to September 2022
References
1. Adams-Haduch, B. A. Potoski, H. E. Sidjabat, D. L. Paterson and Y. Doi. Activity to Temocillin against KPC-Producing Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 30, (Medline)
2. Ambler, R. P., Coulson, A. F. W., Frère, J. M.et al.1991. A standard numbering Reviews 11, 589–603.
3. Arakawa, Y., Ohta, M., Kido, N. et al. 1989. Chromosomal β-lactamase of Klebsiella oxytoca, a new class A enzyme that hydrolyzes broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 33, 63–70.
4. Bennet, R., Eriksson, M., Melen, B., Zetterström, R.1985. Changes in the incidence and spectrum of neonatal septicemia during a fifteen-year period. Acta Paediatr. Scand.. 74: 687– 690 MedlineGoogle Scholar
5. Bingen, E.H., Denamur, E., Elion, J.1994. Use of ribotyping in epidemiological surveillance of nosocomial outbreaks. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 7:311– 327.
6. Bradford, P. A. 2001. Extended-spectrum β- lactamases in the 21st century: characterization, epidemiology, and detection of this important resistance threat. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 14, 933–51.
Bratu, S., Landman, D., Haag, R. et al. 2005. Rapid spread of carbapenem- resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in New York city: a new threat to our antibiotic armamentarium. Arch. Intern. Med., 165: 1430–1435. scheme for the lactamases. Biochem. 70.class A β- J., 276, 269
7. Buffenmeyer C. L., Rychek R. B. (1976) Bacteriocin Antoniadou, A, Kontopidou F, Poulakou F et al. Colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae emerging in intensive care unit patients: first report of a multinational cluster. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59: 786–790.
8. Beaugerie, L., Petit, J. C. 2004. Antibiotic- associated diarrhoea. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastro- enterology 18, 337–52.38. Podschun, R. & Ullmann, U. (1998). Klebsiella spp. as nosocomial pathogens: epidemiology, taxonomy, typing methods, and pathogenicity factors. Clinical Microbiology
9. R., Yee R. (klebocin) sensitivity typing of Klebsiella. J. Clin.
10. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(6): 150-160 156 Microbiol., 4: 239–244.
11. Bullen, J.J., Rogers H.J., Griffiths, E.1978. R Bush, ole of iron in bacterial infection.Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 80:1–35.
12. Bush, K., Jacoby, G.A. Meideros, A. A. 1995. A functional classification scheme for β- lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure. Antimicrobial uAgents and Chemotherapy, 39: 1211– 33.
13. Chan, J. S. Liu, D. A. Pociask, M. Zheng, T. A. Mietzner, and T. Berger. Lipocalin 2 is required for pulmonary host defense against Klebsiella infection. J Immunol., 15, 182(8): 4947-56.
14. Clegg, S., Gerlach, G.F. 1987. Enterobacterial fimbriae. J. Bacteriol. 169:934– 938.
Combe, M.L., Pons, J.L., Sesboue, R., Martin J. P.(1994) Electrophoretic transfer from polyacrylamide gel to nitrocellulose sheets: a new method to characterize multilocus enzyme genotypes of Klebsiella strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60:26–30.
Cooke, E.M., Pool, R., Brayson, J.C., Edmond son A.S., Munro M.E., Shinebaum R.1979. Further studies on the source of Klebsiella aerogenes in hospital patients. J. Hyg. Camb. 83:391– 395. MedlineGoogle Scholar Coque, T.M.,Baquero, F.,Canton, R.2008. Increasing prevalence of ESBL- producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe. Euro Surveil 2008; 13: pii: 19044.
15. Cruickshank, R. Medical Microbiology 1980, 12th eds. (revised reprint) Edinburg: Churchill Livingstone. 170 – 189.
16. Cryz, S.J., Furer, R., Germanier, R. 1985. ―Protection against fatal Klebsiella pneumonia burn wound sepsis by passive transfer of anticapsular polysaccharide, Infect. Immun., 45: 139- 142.
17. Cuzon, G., Naas, T., Truong,
al. 2010. Worldwide diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae that produces β-lactamase blaKPC-2 gene. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 16: 1349–1356.
18. Daikos, GL, Karabinis A, Paramithiotou E et al. VIM-1 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections: analysis of 28 cases. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29: 471–483.
19. Daikos, GL, Petrikkos P, Psichogiou M et al. Prospective observational study of the impact of VIM-1 metallo-β- lactamase on the outcome of patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae blood stream infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53: 1868–1873.
20. Daly MW, Riddle DJ, Ledeboer NA et al. Tigecycline for treatment of pneumonia and empyema caused by carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Pharmacotherapy 2007; 27 : 1052–1057.
21. Ehrenkranz, R.A., Warshaw, J. B., Baltimore, R. S. 1981. A half century of neonatal sepsis at Yale. Am. J. Dis. Child, 135:140–144.
22. Elemam, A, Rahimian J, Mandell W. Infection with panresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a report of 2 cases and a brief review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 271–274.
23. Fournier, B., Arlet, G., Lagrange, P. H. et al. 1994. Klebsiella oxytoca: resistance to aztreonam by overproduction of the cromosomally encoded beta lactamase.FEMS Microbiology Letters, 116,31-6.
24. Fournier, B., Lagrange, P. & Philippon, A. 1996. β-Lactamase gene promoters of 71 clinical strains of oxytoca. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 40, 460–3.
25. Fournier, B., Lu, C. Y., Lagrange, P.et al. 1995. Point mutation in the pribnow box, the molecular basis of β-lactamase overproduction in Klebsiella oxytoca. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 39, 1365–8.
26. Fournier, B., Roy, P. H. 1997. Variability of chromosomally encoded β-lactamases from Klebsiella oxytoca. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 41, 1641- 8.
27. Fournier, B., Roy, P. H., Lagrange, H.et al. 1996. Chromosomal β-lactamase genes of Klebsiella oxytoca are divided into two main groups: blaOXY-1 and blaOXY-2. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 40, 454–9.
28. Freedman, R.M., Ingram, D.L., Gross, I., Granier, S. A., Leflon-Guibout, V., Goldstein, F. W. et al. 2003. New Klebsiella oxytoca β-lactamase genes blaOXY-3 and blaOXY-4 and a third genetic group of K. oxytoca based on blaOXY- 3. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 47,2922-8
Graybill, J.R., Marshall, L.W., Charache, P., Wallace, C.K., Melwin, V.K. 1973. Nosocomial pneumonia: A continuing major problem, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.,
29. 108: 1130-1140 Gundmann, H., Livermore, D.M., Giske, G.G. et al. 2010. Carbapenem non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae in Europe: conclusions from a meeting of national experts. Euro Surveil, 15: pii: 19711.
30. Hansen, D.S., Gottschau, A., Kolmos, H.J. 1998. Epidemiology of Klebsiella bacteraemia: a case control study using Escherichia coli bacteraemia as control. J. Hosp. Infect., 38: 119-132. (PubMed)
31. Hirsch, EB, Tam VH. Detection and treatment options for Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs): an emerging cause of multidrug-resistant infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65: 1119– 1126. CrossRef,PubMed,CAS,Web of
32. Science® Times Cited: 18
33. Horan, T., Culver, D., Jarvis, W., Emori, G., Banerjee, S., Martone, W., Thornsberry, C. 1988. Pathogens causing nosocomial infections. Antimicrob.Newslett., 5: 65-67.
34. Jeong, S. H., Kim, W. M., Chang, C. L. et al.2001. Neonatal intensive care unit outbreak caused by a strain of Klebsiella oxytoca resistant to aztreonam due to overproduction of chromosomal β- lactamase. J. Hospital Infection 48, 281– 8.CrossRefMedline
35. Johanson, W.G., Pierce A.K., Sanford J.P. (1969) Changing pharyngeal bacterial flora of hospitalized patients.Emergence of gram-negative bacilli. N.Engl. J. Med., 281:1137-1140. Google Scholar
36. Kurnarasamy, K.K., Toleman, M.A., Walsh, T.R. et al. Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan and the UK: a molecular, biological and epidemiological study.LancetInfectDis 2010;10:597– 602.
37. Kontopoulou, K, Protonariou E, Vasilakos K et al. Hospital outbreak caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC-2 β-lactamase resistant to colistin. J Hosp Infect 2010; 76: 70–73.
38. Mammeri, H., Poirel, L. & Nordmann, P. 2003. In vivo selection of a chromosomally encoded β-lactamase variant conferring ceftazidime resistance in Klebsiella oxytoca. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 47, 3739– 42. Mathers, AJ, Cox HL, Bonatti H et al. Fatal cross infection by carbapenem- resistant Klebsiella in two liver transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2009; 11: 257–265.
39. Mathur, N.B., Khalib, A., Sarkar, R., Puri, R.K. Mortality in neonatal septicaaemia with involvement of mother in management, Ind. J. Pediatri., 28(ii): 1259-1264.
40. Mobley, H.L.T., Chippendale, G.R., Tenney J. H.,Mayrer A. R., Crisp L. J., Penner J. L., Warren J. W.(1988) MR/K hemagglutination of Providencia stuartiicorrelates with adherence to catheters and with persistence in catheter-associated bacteriuria. J. Infect. Dis., 157:264–271.
41. Mouloudi, E, Protonariou E, Zagorianou A et al. Bloodstream infections caused by metallo-β-lactamase/Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase- producing K. pneumoniae among intensive care unit patient in Greece: K., Sanford J. pharyngeal bacterial flora of hospitalized patients. Emergence of gram-negative bacilli. N. Engl. J. Med., 281:1137–1140.Google
42. Scholar
Lomaestro, BM, Tobin EH, Shang W, Gootz T. The spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae to risk factors for infection and impact of type of resistance on outcomes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31: 1250–1256.
43. Nordamann, P., Cuzon, G., Naas, T. 2009. The real threat of Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenemase-producing bacteria, Lancet Infec. Dis., 9(4): 228-236.
44. Nordmann, P., Cuzon, G., Nas, T. 2009. The real threat of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing bacteria. Lancet Infect. Dis., 9: 228– 236.
45. Ohlsson, A., Bailey, T., Takieddine, F. 1986. Changing etiology and outcome of neonatal septicemia in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 75: 540– 544.Medline
46. Ørskov, I. 1984. Genus v. Klebsiella, p. 461- 465. In Krieg NR and Holt JG(ed.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, vol. 1. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.
47. Paterson, D.L., Bonomo, R.A. 2005. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a clinical update. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 18: 657–686.
48. Philippon, A., Labia, R. & Jacoby, G. 1989. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherap,y 33, 1131–6.
49. Podschun, R., Ullmann, U. 1998. Klebsiella spp. as nosocomial pathogens: epidemiology, taxonomy, typing methods, and pathogenicity factors. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 11: 589- 603. (PMC free article)
50. Poirel, L, Heritier C, Tolun V, Nordmann P.Emergence of oxacillinase-mediated Carbapenemases: the versatile beta- lactamases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 20: 440-458. CrossRef, Pu bMe d, CAS, Web of Science® Times Cited: 251.
51. Qi, Y., Wei, Z., Li, S., et dominant clone producing Klebsiella China. J. Chemother., 66: 307–312.
52. Quenan, E.M., Bush, al. ST1, the of KPC- pneumoniae in Antimicrob.K. 2007. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(6): 150-160 imipenem Klebsiella Antimicrob Agents 159
53. Schwaber, M.J., Carmeli, Y. 2008. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteri- aceae: a potential threat. JAMA, 300: 2911–2913.
54. Souli, M, Kontopidou FV, Papadomichelakis E et al. Clinical experience of serious infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae producing VIM- 1 metallo-β-lactamase in a Greek university hospital. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: 847–854.
55. Tessin, I., Trollfors, B., Thiringer, K. 1990. Incidence and etiology of neonatal septicaemia and meningitis in Western Sweden 1975–1986. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 79: 1023–1030.
56. Torre, D.E., LA, M.G., Romero-Vivas, J., Martínez-Bentrán, J., Guerrero, A., Meseguer, M., Bouza. E. 1985. Klebsiella bacteremia: an analysis of 100 episodes. Rev. Infect. Dis., 7: 143- 150. (Pub Med)
57. Tullus, K., Berglund, B., Fryklund, B., Kühn, I., Burman, L.G. 1988. Epidemio logy of fecal strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae in 22 neonatal wards and influence of antibiotic policy. J. Clin. Microbiol., 26: 1166– 1170.
58. Tullus, K., Olsson-Liljequist, B., Lundström G., Burman, L.G. 1991. Antibiotic susceptibility of 629 bacterial blood and CSF isolates from swedish infants and the therapeutic implications. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 80: 205–212.
59. Vatopoulos, A. 2008. High rates of metallo- betalactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Greece—a review of the current evidence. Euro Surveil 2008; 13: pii: 8023. Available at: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/Vie wArticle.aspx?ArticleId=8023 (last accessed 12 May 2011).PubMed,CAS
60. Vesikari, T., Isolauri, E., Tuppurainen, N., Re nlund, M., Koivisto, M., Janas, M., Ikon en, R.S., Kero, P., Heinonen,Nyman, R., Kunnas, M. 1989 Neonatal septicaemia in Finland 1981–85. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 78: 44–50.
61. Watanakunakorn, C. 1991. Klebsiella bacteremia: a review of 196 episodes during a decade (1980- 1989). Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 23: 399- 405.
62. Weisenberg, S. A., D.J. Morgan, R. Espinal- Witter and D. H. Larone.Clinical outcomes of patients with Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenemase-producing K.pneumoniae after treatment with imipenem or meropenem. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 1, (Medline).
63. Weisenberg, SA,Morgan DJ,Espinal-Witter R, Larone DH. Clinical outcomes of patients with KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumonia following treatment with imipenem or meropenem. Diagn Microbiol Infection Dis 2009;64:233-235 Wu, S. W., Dornbusch, K. & Kronvall, G. 1999. Genetic characterization of resistance to extended-spectrum β- lactams in Klebsiella oxytoca isolates recovered from patients with septicemia at hospitals in the Stockholm area. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43, 1294–7.
64. Yan, J.J., Ko, W.C., Tsai, S.H.. Outbreak of infection with multidrug- resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carrying blaIMP-8 in a university medical center in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:4433–4439.
65. Yancey, R.J., Breeding S.A. E. 1979. Enterochelin L., Lankford C. (enterobactin): for Salmonella
66. virulence factor typhimurium. Infect. Immun., 24: 174– 180. Yinnon, A.M., Butnaru, A., Raveh, D., Jerassy, Z., Rudensky B.(1996) Klebsi ella bacteremia: community versus nosocomial infection. Monthly J. Assoc. Physicians, 89: 933–941.Young Soo, WHO, Western Pacific region, press release, 7 April 2011.
67. Wilke, L. Andrew, L. Natalie and C.J. Strynadka ―B-lactam antibiotic resistant: a current structural prospective‖ Current Opinion in Microbiology, 2005, 8:525- Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(6): 150-160
2. Ambler, R. P., Coulson, A. F. W., Frère, J. M.et al.1991. A standard numbering Reviews 11, 589–603.
3. Arakawa, Y., Ohta, M., Kido, N. et al. 1989. Chromosomal β-lactamase of Klebsiella oxytoca, a new class A enzyme that hydrolyzes broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 33, 63–70.
4. Bennet, R., Eriksson, M., Melen, B., Zetterström, R.1985. Changes in the incidence and spectrum of neonatal septicemia during a fifteen-year period. Acta Paediatr. Scand.. 74: 687– 690 MedlineGoogle Scholar
5. Bingen, E.H., Denamur, E., Elion, J.1994. Use of ribotyping in epidemiological surveillance of nosocomial outbreaks. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 7:311– 327.
6. Bradford, P. A. 2001. Extended-spectrum β- lactamases in the 21st century: characterization, epidemiology, and detection of this important resistance threat. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 14, 933–51.
Bratu, S., Landman, D., Haag, R. et al. 2005. Rapid spread of carbapenem- resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in New York city: a new threat to our antibiotic armamentarium. Arch. Intern. Med., 165: 1430–1435. scheme for the lactamases. Biochem. 70.class A β- J., 276, 269
7. Buffenmeyer C. L., Rychek R. B. (1976) Bacteriocin Antoniadou, A, Kontopidou F, Poulakou F et al. Colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae emerging in intensive care unit patients: first report of a multinational cluster. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59: 786–790.
8. Beaugerie, L., Petit, J. C. 2004. Antibiotic- associated diarrhoea. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastro- enterology 18, 337–52.38. Podschun, R. & Ullmann, U. (1998). Klebsiella spp. as nosocomial pathogens: epidemiology, taxonomy, typing methods, and pathogenicity factors. Clinical Microbiology
9. R., Yee R. (klebocin) sensitivity typing of Klebsiella. J. Clin.
10. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(6): 150-160 156 Microbiol., 4: 239–244.
11. Bullen, J.J., Rogers H.J., Griffiths, E.1978. R Bush, ole of iron in bacterial infection.Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 80:1–35.
12. Bush, K., Jacoby, G.A. Meideros, A. A. 1995. A functional classification scheme for β- lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure. Antimicrobial uAgents and Chemotherapy, 39: 1211– 33.
13. Chan, J. S. Liu, D. A. Pociask, M. Zheng, T. A. Mietzner, and T. Berger. Lipocalin 2 is required for pulmonary host defense against Klebsiella infection. J Immunol., 15, 182(8): 4947-56.
14. Clegg, S., Gerlach, G.F. 1987. Enterobacterial fimbriae. J. Bacteriol. 169:934– 938.
Combe, M.L., Pons, J.L., Sesboue, R., Martin J. P.(1994) Electrophoretic transfer from polyacrylamide gel to nitrocellulose sheets: a new method to characterize multilocus enzyme genotypes of Klebsiella strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60:26–30.
Cooke, E.M., Pool, R., Brayson, J.C., Edmond son A.S., Munro M.E., Shinebaum R.1979. Further studies on the source of Klebsiella aerogenes in hospital patients. J. Hyg. Camb. 83:391– 395. MedlineGoogle Scholar Coque, T.M.,Baquero, F.,Canton, R.2008. Increasing prevalence of ESBL- producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe. Euro Surveil 2008; 13: pii: 19044.
15. Cruickshank, R. Medical Microbiology 1980, 12th eds. (revised reprint) Edinburg: Churchill Livingstone. 170 – 189.
16. Cryz, S.J., Furer, R., Germanier, R. 1985. ―Protection against fatal Klebsiella pneumonia burn wound sepsis by passive transfer of anticapsular polysaccharide, Infect. Immun., 45: 139- 142.
17. Cuzon, G., Naas, T., Truong,
al. 2010. Worldwide diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae that produces β-lactamase blaKPC-2 gene. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 16: 1349–1356.
18. Daikos, GL, Karabinis A, Paramithiotou E et al. VIM-1 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections: analysis of 28 cases. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29: 471–483.
19. Daikos, GL, Petrikkos P, Psichogiou M et al. Prospective observational study of the impact of VIM-1 metallo-β- lactamase on the outcome of patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae blood stream infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53: 1868–1873.
20. Daly MW, Riddle DJ, Ledeboer NA et al. Tigecycline for treatment of pneumonia and empyema caused by carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Pharmacotherapy 2007; 27 : 1052–1057.
21. Ehrenkranz, R.A., Warshaw, J. B., Baltimore, R. S. 1981. A half century of neonatal sepsis at Yale. Am. J. Dis. Child, 135:140–144.
22. Elemam, A, Rahimian J, Mandell W. Infection with panresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a report of 2 cases and a brief review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 271–274.
23. Fournier, B., Arlet, G., Lagrange, P. H. et al. 1994. Klebsiella oxytoca: resistance to aztreonam by overproduction of the cromosomally encoded beta lactamase.FEMS Microbiology Letters, 116,31-6.
24. Fournier, B., Lagrange, P. & Philippon, A. 1996. β-Lactamase gene promoters of 71 clinical strains of oxytoca. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 40, 460–3.
25. Fournier, B., Lu, C. Y., Lagrange, P.et al. 1995. Point mutation in the pribnow box, the molecular basis of β-lactamase overproduction in Klebsiella oxytoca. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 39, 1365–8.
26. Fournier, B., Roy, P. H. 1997. Variability of chromosomally encoded β-lactamases from Klebsiella oxytoca. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 41, 1641- 8.
27. Fournier, B., Roy, P. H., Lagrange, H.et al. 1996. Chromosomal β-lactamase genes of Klebsiella oxytoca are divided into two main groups: blaOXY-1 and blaOXY-2. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 40, 454–9.
28. Freedman, R.M., Ingram, D.L., Gross, I., Granier, S. A., Leflon-Guibout, V., Goldstein, F. W. et al. 2003. New Klebsiella oxytoca β-lactamase genes blaOXY-3 and blaOXY-4 and a third genetic group of K. oxytoca based on blaOXY- 3. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 47,2922-8
Graybill, J.R., Marshall, L.W., Charache, P., Wallace, C.K., Melwin, V.K. 1973. Nosocomial pneumonia: A continuing major problem, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.,
29. 108: 1130-1140 Gundmann, H., Livermore, D.M., Giske, G.G. et al. 2010. Carbapenem non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae in Europe: conclusions from a meeting of national experts. Euro Surveil, 15: pii: 19711.
30. Hansen, D.S., Gottschau, A., Kolmos, H.J. 1998. Epidemiology of Klebsiella bacteraemia: a case control study using Escherichia coli bacteraemia as control. J. Hosp. Infect., 38: 119-132. (PubMed)
31. Hirsch, EB, Tam VH. Detection and treatment options for Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs): an emerging cause of multidrug-resistant infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65: 1119– 1126. CrossRef,PubMed,CAS,Web of
32. Science® Times Cited: 18
33. Horan, T., Culver, D., Jarvis, W., Emori, G., Banerjee, S., Martone, W., Thornsberry, C. 1988. Pathogens causing nosocomial infections. Antimicrob.Newslett., 5: 65-67.
34. Jeong, S. H., Kim, W. M., Chang, C. L. et al.2001. Neonatal intensive care unit outbreak caused by a strain of Klebsiella oxytoca resistant to aztreonam due to overproduction of chromosomal β- lactamase. J. Hospital Infection 48, 281– 8.CrossRefMedline
35. Johanson, W.G., Pierce A.K., Sanford J.P. (1969) Changing pharyngeal bacterial flora of hospitalized patients.Emergence of gram-negative bacilli. N.Engl. J. Med., 281:1137-1140. Google Scholar
36. Kurnarasamy, K.K., Toleman, M.A., Walsh, T.R. et al. Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan and the UK: a molecular, biological and epidemiological study.LancetInfectDis 2010;10:597– 602.
37. Kontopoulou, K, Protonariou E, Vasilakos K et al. Hospital outbreak caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC-2 β-lactamase resistant to colistin. J Hosp Infect 2010; 76: 70–73.
38. Mammeri, H., Poirel, L. & Nordmann, P. 2003. In vivo selection of a chromosomally encoded β-lactamase variant conferring ceftazidime resistance in Klebsiella oxytoca. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 47, 3739– 42. Mathers, AJ, Cox HL, Bonatti H et al. Fatal cross infection by carbapenem- resistant Klebsiella in two liver transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2009; 11: 257–265.
39. Mathur, N.B., Khalib, A., Sarkar, R., Puri, R.K. Mortality in neonatal septicaaemia with involvement of mother in management, Ind. J. Pediatri., 28(ii): 1259-1264.
40. Mobley, H.L.T., Chippendale, G.R., Tenney J. H.,Mayrer A. R., Crisp L. J., Penner J. L., Warren J. W.(1988) MR/K hemagglutination of Providencia stuartiicorrelates with adherence to catheters and with persistence in catheter-associated bacteriuria. J. Infect. Dis., 157:264–271.
41. Mouloudi, E, Protonariou E, Zagorianou A et al. Bloodstream infections caused by metallo-β-lactamase/Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase- producing K. pneumoniae among intensive care unit patient in Greece: K., Sanford J. pharyngeal bacterial flora of hospitalized patients. Emergence of gram-negative bacilli. N. Engl. J. Med., 281:1137–1140.Google
42. Scholar
Lomaestro, BM, Tobin EH, Shang W, Gootz T. The spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae to risk factors for infection and impact of type of resistance on outcomes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31: 1250–1256.
43. Nordamann, P., Cuzon, G., Naas, T. 2009. The real threat of Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenemase-producing bacteria, Lancet Infec. Dis., 9(4): 228-236.
44. Nordmann, P., Cuzon, G., Nas, T. 2009. The real threat of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing bacteria. Lancet Infect. Dis., 9: 228– 236.
45. Ohlsson, A., Bailey, T., Takieddine, F. 1986. Changing etiology and outcome of neonatal septicemia in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 75: 540– 544.Medline
46. Ørskov, I. 1984. Genus v. Klebsiella, p. 461- 465. In Krieg NR and Holt JG(ed.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, vol. 1. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.
47. Paterson, D.L., Bonomo, R.A. 2005. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a clinical update. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 18: 657–686.
48. Philippon, A., Labia, R. & Jacoby, G. 1989. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherap,y 33, 1131–6.
49. Podschun, R., Ullmann, U. 1998. Klebsiella spp. as nosocomial pathogens: epidemiology, taxonomy, typing methods, and pathogenicity factors. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 11: 589- 603. (PMC free article)
50. Poirel, L, Heritier C, Tolun V, Nordmann P.Emergence of oxacillinase-mediated Carbapenemases: the versatile beta- lactamases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 20: 440-458. CrossRef, Pu bMe d, CAS, Web of Science® Times Cited: 251.
51. Qi, Y., Wei, Z., Li, S., et dominant clone producing Klebsiella China. J. Chemother., 66: 307–312.
52. Quenan, E.M., Bush, al. ST1, the of KPC- pneumoniae in Antimicrob.K. 2007. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(6): 150-160 imipenem Klebsiella Antimicrob Agents 159
53. Schwaber, M.J., Carmeli, Y. 2008. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteri- aceae: a potential threat. JAMA, 300: 2911–2913.
54. Souli, M, Kontopidou FV, Papadomichelakis E et al. Clinical experience of serious infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae producing VIM- 1 metallo-β-lactamase in a Greek university hospital. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: 847–854.
55. Tessin, I., Trollfors, B., Thiringer, K. 1990. Incidence and etiology of neonatal septicaemia and meningitis in Western Sweden 1975–1986. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 79: 1023–1030.
56. Torre, D.E., LA, M.G., Romero-Vivas, J., Martínez-Bentrán, J., Guerrero, A., Meseguer, M., Bouza. E. 1985. Klebsiella bacteremia: an analysis of 100 episodes. Rev. Infect. Dis., 7: 143- 150. (Pub Med)
57. Tullus, K., Berglund, B., Fryklund, B., Kühn, I., Burman, L.G. 1988. Epidemio logy of fecal strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae in 22 neonatal wards and influence of antibiotic policy. J. Clin. Microbiol., 26: 1166– 1170.
58. Tullus, K., Olsson-Liljequist, B., Lundström G., Burman, L.G. 1991. Antibiotic susceptibility of 629 bacterial blood and CSF isolates from swedish infants and the therapeutic implications. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 80: 205–212.
59. Vatopoulos, A. 2008. High rates of metallo- betalactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Greece—a review of the current evidence. Euro Surveil 2008; 13: pii: 8023. Available at: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/Vie wArticle.aspx?ArticleId=8023 (last accessed 12 May 2011).PubMed,CAS
60. Vesikari, T., Isolauri, E., Tuppurainen, N., Re nlund, M., Koivisto, M., Janas, M., Ikon en, R.S., Kero, P., Heinonen,Nyman, R., Kunnas, M. 1989 Neonatal septicaemia in Finland 1981–85. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 78: 44–50.
61. Watanakunakorn, C. 1991. Klebsiella bacteremia: a review of 196 episodes during a decade (1980- 1989). Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 23: 399- 405.
62. Weisenberg, S. A., D.J. Morgan, R. Espinal- Witter and D. H. Larone.Clinical outcomes of patients with Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenemase-producing K.pneumoniae after treatment with imipenem or meropenem. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 1, (Medline).
63. Weisenberg, SA,Morgan DJ,Espinal-Witter R, Larone DH. Clinical outcomes of patients with KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumonia following treatment with imipenem or meropenem. Diagn Microbiol Infection Dis 2009;64:233-235 Wu, S. W., Dornbusch, K. & Kronvall, G. 1999. Genetic characterization of resistance to extended-spectrum β- lactams in Klebsiella oxytoca isolates recovered from patients with septicemia at hospitals in the Stockholm area. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43, 1294–7.
64. Yan, J.J., Ko, W.C., Tsai, S.H.. Outbreak of infection with multidrug- resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carrying blaIMP-8 in a university medical center in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:4433–4439.
65. Yancey, R.J., Breeding S.A. E. 1979. Enterochelin L., Lankford C. (enterobactin): for Salmonella
66. virulence factor typhimurium. Infect. Immun., 24: 174– 180. Yinnon, A.M., Butnaru, A., Raveh, D., Jerassy, Z., Rudensky B.(1996) Klebsi ella bacteremia: community versus nosocomial infection. Monthly J. Assoc. Physicians, 89: 933–941.Young Soo, WHO, Western Pacific region, press release, 7 April 2011.
67. Wilke, L. Andrew, L. Natalie and C.J. Strynadka ―B-lactam antibiotic resistant: a current structural prospective‖ Current Opinion in Microbiology, 2005, 8:525- Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(6): 150-160
Article Sidebar
Published
Dec 24, 2022
Article Details
How to Cite
Dr Manish Pokra, Dr Mahendra Kumar Verma, Dr Munmun Yadav, & Dr Ranu Suthar. (2022). THE WORRYING TREND OF KLEBSIELLA SPECIES DEVELOPING MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE. IS IT EMERGING SUPERBUG?. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 5057-5066. https://doi.org/10.53555/81ja4y73
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Dr Manish Pokra
(MBBS, MD, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Microbiology, RVRS Medical College, Bhilwara)
Dr Mahendra Kumar Verma
(MBBS, MD, Assistant Professor, Dept. of PSM, RVRS Medical College, Bhilwara)
Dr Munmun Yadav
(MBBS, MS, Assistant Professor, Department of Obs. and Gyn. RVRS medical college, Bhilwara)
Dr Ranu Suthar
(BHMS, MSc Medical Physiology, PIMS Udaipur)
How to Cite
Dr Manish Pokra, Dr Mahendra Kumar Verma, Dr Munmun Yadav, & Dr Ranu Suthar. (2022). THE WORRYING TREND OF KLEBSIELLA SPECIES DEVELOPING MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE. IS IT EMERGING SUPERBUG?. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 5057-5066. https://doi.org/10.53555/81ja4y73