PERVALENCE AND RICK FACTORS OF MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN AGED 1-5 IN LOW –INCOME
Main Article Content
Keywords
Malnutrition, risk factors, children, prevalence
Abstract
Background: Under nutrition has remained an important global challenge, and children within ages one and five years are most affected in low income countries. Poor nutrition and malnutrition as well as nutritional deprivation being among the causes; other causes include; Poverty; Infectious diseases. In this respect, it might be useful to determine prevalence and risk indicator of malnutrition among children in order to design population specific prevention and policy strategies that would help to minimize the effects of such a dangerous threat to child health.
Objectives: to determine where and how to intervene to improve children’s nutrition.
Study design: A cross-sectional study.
Place and duration of study: Department of Peads children A ward Khyber Teaching Hospital from jan 2022 to march 2022
Methods: Descriptive study design was applied in this study to recruit 100 children of age 1- 5 years from low income families. Biological measurements included in this study were used to assess the nutritional status of the respondents based on WHO anthropo-metric standards. Socio economic information and feeding practices were assessed using questionnaires, while the health status of the children was determined. The prevalence was established via descriptive cross-tabulation of the results while multiple logistic regression analysis established the risk factors with OR > 1, p > 0.05.
Results: The average age was 3 years 2 months (± 1 year 2 months). Stunting prevalence was 35%, wasting was 15%, both stunting and wasting were 3%, and being underweight was 28%. The major sources of risk were found to include dietary inadequacy of diet diversity (Chi-square =14.65, p = 0.01) and maternal education (Chi-square = 14.76, p = 0.02). The proportion of malnutrition amongst children in the households without clean water point source was higher, p = 0.04
Conclusion: As much as there are efforts that have been made and are still being pursued in implementing nutrition interventions for the groups of children, aged between one year and five years; low income context malnutrition is still rife due to issues of limited diet accessibility due to poverty, and environmental factors. It is established in this research that maternal and child nutrition is influenced by food security, education of the mother and sanitation.
Objectives: to determine where and how to intervene to improve children’s nutrition.
Study design: A cross-sectional study.
Place and duration of study: Department of Peads children A ward Khyber Teaching Hospital from jan 2022 to march 2022
Methods: Descriptive study design was applied in this study to recruit 100 children of age 1- 5 years from low income families. Biological measurements included in this study were used to assess the nutritional status of the respondents based on WHO anthropo-metric standards. Socio economic information and feeding practices were assessed using questionnaires, while the health status of the children was determined. The prevalence was established via descriptive cross-tabulation of the results while multiple logistic regression analysis established the risk factors with OR > 1, p > 0.05.
Results: The average age was 3 years 2 months (± 1 year 2 months). Stunting prevalence was 35%, wasting was 15%, both stunting and wasting were 3%, and being underweight was 28%. The major sources of risk were found to include dietary inadequacy of diet diversity (Chi-square =14.65, p = 0.01) and maternal education (Chi-square = 14.76, p = 0.02). The proportion of malnutrition amongst children in the households without clean water point source was higher, p = 0.04
Conclusion: As much as there are efforts that have been made and are still being pursued in implementing nutrition interventions for the groups of children, aged between one year and five years; low income context malnutrition is still rife due to issues of limited diet accessibility due to poverty, and environmental factors. It is established in this research that maternal and child nutrition is influenced by food security, education of the mother and sanitation.
References
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11. Smith, M. R., Golden, C. D., & Myers, S. S. (2017). Potential rise in undernutrition from climate-related declines in global marine fish catch. Nature, 544(7649), 395–398. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21707
12. Victora, C. G., Wagstaff, A., Schellenberg, J. A., et al. (2003). Applying an equity lens to child health and mortality: More of the same is not enough. The Lancet, 362(9379), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13917-7
13. Black, R. E., Allen, L. H., Bhutta, Z. A., et al. (2008). Maternal and child undernutrition: Global and regional exposures and health consequences. The Lancet, 371(9608), 243–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61690-0
14. Jones, A. D., Ngure, F. M., Pelto, G., & Young, S. L. (2013). What are we assessing when we measure food security? A compendium and review of current metrics. Advances in Nutrition, 4(5), 481–505. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.113.004119
15. Prüss-Ustün, A., Bos, R., Gore, F., & Bartram, J. (2008). Safer water, better health: Costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int
16. Ngure, F. M., Reid, B. M., Humphrey, J. H., et al. (2014). Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), environmental enteropathy, nutrition, and early child development: Making the links. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1308(1), 118–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12330
17. Victora, C. G., Adair, L., Fall, C., et al. (2008). Maternal and child undernutrition: Consequences for adult health and human capital. The Lancet, 371(9609), 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4
18. United Nations. (2021). Sustainable Development Goals Report. Retrieved from https://unstats.un.org
2. Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., et al. (2013). Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 382(9890), 427–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X
3. UNICEF. (2021). State of the World's Children Report. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org
4. Development Initiatives. (2020). Global Nutrition Report: Action on equity to end malnutrition. Retrieved from https://globalnutritionreport.org
5. Smith, L. C., & Haddad, L. (2015). Reducing child undernutrition: Past drivers and priorities for the post-MDG era. World Development, 68, 180–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.11.014
6. Checkley, W., Buckley, G., Gilman, R. H., et al. (2008). Multi-country analysis of the effects of diarrhoea on childhood stunting. International Journal of Epidemiology, 37(4), 816–830. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn099
7. Victora, C. G., de Onis, M., Hallal, P. C., et al. (2010). Worldwide timing of growth faltering: Revisiting implications for interventions. Pediatrics, 125(3), e473–e480. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1519
8. Bhutta, Z. A., Das, J. K., Rizvi, A., et al. (2013). Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: What can be done and at what cost? The Lancet, 382(9890), 452–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60996-4
9. Hoddinott, J., Maluccio, J. A., Behrman, J. R., et al. (2013). Adult consequences of growth failure in early childhood. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 98(5), 1170–1178. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.064584
10. UNICEF, WHO, & World Bank Group. (2021). Levels and trends in child malnutrition: Key findings of the 2021 edition. Retrieved from https://www.who.int
11. Smith, M. R., Golden, C. D., & Myers, S. S. (2017). Potential rise in undernutrition from climate-related declines in global marine fish catch. Nature, 544(7649), 395–398. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21707
12. Victora, C. G., Wagstaff, A., Schellenberg, J. A., et al. (2003). Applying an equity lens to child health and mortality: More of the same is not enough. The Lancet, 362(9379), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13917-7
13. Black, R. E., Allen, L. H., Bhutta, Z. A., et al. (2008). Maternal and child undernutrition: Global and regional exposures and health consequences. The Lancet, 371(9608), 243–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61690-0
14. Jones, A. D., Ngure, F. M., Pelto, G., & Young, S. L. (2013). What are we assessing when we measure food security? A compendium and review of current metrics. Advances in Nutrition, 4(5), 481–505. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.113.004119
15. Prüss-Ustün, A., Bos, R., Gore, F., & Bartram, J. (2008). Safer water, better health: Costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int
16. Ngure, F. M., Reid, B. M., Humphrey, J. H., et al. (2014). Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), environmental enteropathy, nutrition, and early child development: Making the links. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1308(1), 118–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12330
17. Victora, C. G., Adair, L., Fall, C., et al. (2008). Maternal and child undernutrition: Consequences for adult health and human capital. The Lancet, 371(9609), 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4
18. United Nations. (2021). Sustainable Development Goals Report. Retrieved from https://unstats.un.org
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Published
Jul 24, 2022
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How to Cite
Hameed Ullah, Muhammad Owais, Haleema Begum, Muhammad Ramzan Waris, Durrani, & Madiha Gul. (2022). PERVALENCE AND RICK FACTORS OF MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN AGED 1-5 IN LOW –INCOME. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(03), 2085-2090. https://doi.org/10.53555/qqhrvp14
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Author Biographies
Hameed Ullah
Children specialist Fc teaching hospital
Muhammad Owais
District children specialist. Women and children hospital Rajjar Charsadda.
Haleema Begum
House officer Sardar Begum Dental Hospital Peshawar
Muhammad Ramzan Waris
Ship Physician Carnival cruise line Miami, USA
Durrani
Consultant children A ward Khyber Teaching Hospital
Madiha Gul
Experiential Registrar children A ward Khyber Teaching Hospital
How to Cite
Hameed Ullah, Muhammad Owais, Haleema Begum, Muhammad Ramzan Waris, Durrani, & Madiha Gul. (2022). PERVALENCE AND RICK FACTORS OF MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN AGED 1-5 IN LOW –INCOME. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(03), 2085-2090. https://doi.org/10.53555/qqhrvp14