EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS INTO CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS SURVEILLANCE IN TRIBAL DISTRICT BAJAUR, PAKISTAN
Main Article Content
Keywords
Leishmaniasis, Leishmania, Sandflies, Bajaur, socioeconomic status
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by over 15 different species of the protozoan parasite Leishmania, transmitted by infected female sandflies. The present study aimed to check the surveillance of cutaneous leishmaniasis among the people of district Bajaur. The study was ethically approved by the district headquarters hospital Bajaur. Clinical exams were done on 1000 infected patients who went to the ISDK regularly and had active lesions. Information like name, father's name, sex, age, job, location of lesions, number of lesions, date of the first sign of the disease, previous history, address, ethnicity, treatment, previous diagnosis through microscopic examination and or biopsy test, other family members affected, etc. was filled out on a pre-designed proforma. We found that CL lesions were much more likely to happen in men than in women from the same areas. Most of the infected respondents were between the ages of 11-20, and between 21-40 moreover, in the present investigation, 27% and 21% of the positive cases were noted from the Tehsil Mamud and Salarzai due to overcrowded in population. The significance of my study is finding the cutaneous leishmaniasis patient of the tribal district Bajaur. Low socioeconomic positions were the ones who were most infected by CL. The main risk factors associated with the disease were people who lived in mud-made houses stone buildings or outdoors sleeping less or no use of bed nets and insecticide spray poverty and low sanitization had a higher risk of developing CL compared to those who lived in brick dwellings. This study concluded that the majority of patients presented singular lesions with a mean duration was 3-4 months.
References
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3. Arif, M., Kalsoom, Shah, A.A., Badshah, M., Hasan, F., Rehman, A.u., Khan, S., 2022. Positivity, diagnosis and treatment follow-up of cutaneous leishmaniasis in war-affected areas of Bajaur, Pakistan. Parasitology Research 121, 991-998.
4. Arya, R., Dhembla, C., Makde, R.D., Sundd, M., Kundu, S., 2021. An overview of the fatty acid biosynthesis in the protozoan parasite Leishmania and its relevance as a drug target against leishmaniasis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 246, 111416.
5. Ayaz, M.M., Nazir, M.M., Ullah, N., Zaman, A., Akbar, A., Zeeshan, M., Hussain, Z., Naz, S., Zheng, Y., Javed, A., 2018. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the metropolitan City of Multan, Pakistan, a neglected tropical disease. Journal of medical entomology 55, 1040-1042.
6. Bagcchi, S., 2022. Somalia tackles leprosy and visceral leishmaniasis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 22, 454.
7. Bates, P.A., 2007. Transmission of Leishmania metacyclic promastigotes by phlebotomine sand flies. International journal for parasitology 37, 1097-1106.
8. Bhutta, Z.A., Sommerfeld, J., Lassi, Z.S., Salam, R.A., Das, J.K., 2014. Global burden, distribution, and interventions for infectious diseases of poverty. Infectious diseases of poverty 3, 1-7.
9. Bilal, A., Tanvir, F., Ahmad, S., Mustafa, R., Ghanwa, F., & Shahin, F. (Year). In-silico drug discovery from phytoactive compounds against estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) inducing human mammary carcinoma. Research, 7(4), 1-17.
10. Bhutto, A.M., Soomro, R.A., Nonaka, S., Hashiguchi, Y., 2003. Detection of new endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan: a 6‐year study. International journal of dermatology 42, 543-548.
11. Bilal, A., Tanvir, F., Ahmad, S., Kanwal, N., Zulfiqar, H., & Ishaq, R. (2024). Pharmacokinetic Properties of Bioactive Compounds of Aloe vera against Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A) inducing Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Kurdish Studies, 12(5), 157-168.
12. Bilgic-Temel, A., Murrell, D.F., Uzun, S., 2019. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: a neglected disfiguring disease for women. International journal of women's dermatology 5, 158-165.
13. Blum, J., Lockwood, D.N., Visser, L., Harms, G., Bailey, M.S., Caumes, E., Clerinx, J., van Thiel, P.P., Morizot, G., Hatz, C., 2012. Local or systemic treatment for New World cutaneous leishmaniasis? Re-evaluating the evidence for the risk of mucosal leishmaniasis. International health 4, 153-163.
14. Boelaert, M., Criel, B., Leeuwenburg, J., Van Damme, W., Le Ray, D., Van Der Stuyft, P., 2000. Visceral leishmaniasis control: a public health perspective. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 94, 465-471.
15. Dantas-Torres, F., Miró, G., Baneth, G., Bourdeau, P., Breitschwerdt, E., Capelli, G., Cardoso, L., Day, M.J., Dobler, G., Ferrer, L., 2019. Canine leishmaniasis control in the context of one health. Emerging infectious diseases 25, 1.
16. Davies, C.R., Kaye, P., Croft, S.L., Sundar, S., 2003. Leishmaniasis: new approaches to disease control. Bmj 326, 377-382.
17. Durrani, A.Z., Durrani, H.Z., Kamal, N., Mehmood, N., 2011. Prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and dogs in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 43.
18. Escrivani, D.O., Mattos, G.C., Rossi-Bergmann, B., Sousa-Batista, A.J., 2021. Nano and Microstructured Delivery Systems for Current Antileishmanial Drugs, Antiprotozoal Drug Development and Delivery. Springer, pp. 181-217.
19. Esterhuizen, T., Gonzalez, U., Pinart, M., Sinclair, D., Firooz, A., Enk, C., Velez, I.D., Tristan, M., Alvar, J., 2015. Vector and reservoir control for preventing leishmaniasis.
20. François, S.-L., 2022. Community-Based Health Interventions: An Ethical Approach to Bringing Healthcare to the Marginalized. Temple University.
21. Bilal, A., Tanvir, F., Ahmad, S., Shah, S. H. A., Ahmad, H. A., & Kanwal, N. (2024). Pre-clinical study of the bioactive compound Asiaticoside against the proteins inducing human mammary carcinoma using molecular docking and ADME analysis. Remittances Review, 9(2), 3543-3576.
22. Franke, C.R., Staubach, C., Ziller, M., Schlüter, H., 2002. Trends in the temporal and spatial distribution of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of Bahia, Brazil, from 1985 to 1999. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 96, 236-241.
23. Gonçalves, A.F.L.d.S., Lima, S.S.d., Silva, A.P.d.S.C., Barbosa, C.C., 2020. Spatial dynamics and socioeconomic factors correlated with American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pernambuco, Brazil from 2008 to 2017. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 53.
24. González, U., Pinart, M., Sinclair, D., Firooz, A., Enk, C., Vélez, I.D., Esterhuizen, T.M., Tristan, M., Alvar, J., 2015. Vector and reservoir control for preventing leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
25. Hashemi, S.A., Badirzadeh, A., Sabzevari, S., Nouri, A., Seyyedin, M., 2018. First case report of atypical disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis in an opium abuser in Iran. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 60.
26. Jamal, Q., Shah, A., Ali, N., Ashraf, M., Awan, M.M., Lee, C.M., 2013. Prevalence and comparative analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Dargai Region in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 45.
27. Jawad, M., Bilal, A., Khan, S., Rizwan, M., & Arshad, M. (2023). Prevalence and awareness survey of tuberculosis in the suspected population of Bajaur Agency in Fata, Pakistan: Prevalence and awareness survey of tuberculosis. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 56-61.
28. Bilal, A., Iqbal, A., Rauf, A., Ali, A., & Azam, A. R. (2021). Top outbreaks of 21st century: a review. Palliat Med Care Int J, 4(2), 555632.
29. Kassi, M., Kassi, M., Afghan, A.K., Rehman, R., Kasi, P.M., 2008. Marring leishmaniasis: the stigmatization and the impact of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan and Afghanistan. PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2, e259.
30. Keats, E.C., Das, J.K., Salam, R.A., Lassi, Z.S., Imdad, A., Black, R.E., Bhutta, Z.A., 2021. Effective interventions to address maternal and child malnutrition: an update of the evidence. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 5, 367-384.
31. Khan, A., Biradar, G., Khan, M., 2021. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with photodynamic therapy: The first case report from Khyber Pakhthunkhwa (KPK), Swat Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatologists 31, 120-124.
32. Khan, S.J., Muneeb, S., 2005. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan. Dermatology Online Journal 11.
33. Kharfi, M., Fazaa, B., Chaker, E., Kamoun, M., 2003. Mucosal localization of leishmaniasis in Tunisia: 5 cases, Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie, pp. 27-30.
34. Kolaczinski, J., Brooker, S., Reyburn, H., Rowland, M., 2004. Epidemiology of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghan refugee camps in northwest Pakistan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 98, 373-378.
35. Sajjad, M. K., Bilal, A., Iftikhar, A., Awais, M., Asif, I., Shaheen, F., & Zahoor, G. (2024). Examining the Association Between Pesticide Exposures and Chronic Diseases in Agricultural Workers. Remittances Review, 9(2), 2153-2176.
36. Lassi, Z.S., Salam, R.A., Das, J.K., Bhutta, Z.A., 2014. The conceptual framework and assessment methodology for the systematic reviews of community-based interventions for the prevention and control of infectious diseases of poverty. Infectious diseases of poverty 3, 1-7.
37. Bilal, A. (2021). Rabies is a zoonotic disease: a literature review. Occup. Med. Health Aff, 9(2).
38. Lian, C., Luo, X., Warren, A., Zhao, Y., Jiang, J., 2020. Morphology and phylogeny of four marine or brackish water spirotrich ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from China, with descriptions of two new species. European Journal of Protistology 72, 125663.
39. Marco, J.D., Bhutto, A.M., Soomro, F.R., Baloch, J.H., Barroso, P.A., Kato, H., Uezato, H., Katakura, K., Korenaga, M., Nonaka, S., 2006. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and cytochrome b gene sequencing–based identification of Leishmania isolates from different foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 75, 261-266.
40. Medkour, H., Bitam, I., Laidoudi, Y., Lafri, I., Lounas, A., Hamidat, H.K., Mekroud, A., Varloud, M., Davoust, B., Mediannikov, O., 2020. Potential of Artesunate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum: Efficacy evidence from a randomized field trial. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, e0008947.
41. Metzdorf, I.P., Junior, M.S.d.C.L., Matos, M.d.F.C., de Souza Filho, A.F., de Souza Tsujisaki, R.A., Franco, K.G., Shapiro, J.T., de Almeida Borges, F., 2017. Molecular characterization of Leishmania infantum in domestic cats in a region of Brazil endemic for human and canine visceral leishmaniasis. Acta tropica 166, 121-125.
42. Mujtaba, G., Khalid, M., 1998. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Multan, Pakistan. International journal of dermatology 37, 843-845.
43. Nawaz, M., Din, M., Khan, A., Khan, A., Ali, M., Din, S.U., Aslam, K., 2020. Epidemiological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic in hilly areas of district Karak, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 44, 725-729.
44. Noor, A., Bilal, A., & Ali, U. (2024). Towards Personalized Cancer Care: A Report of CRISPR-Cas9 Applications in Targeted Therapies and Precision Medicine. Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research, 4(2), 1375-1380.
45. Pérez-Victoria, F.J., Sánchez-Cañete, M.P., Seifert, K., Croft, S.L., Sundar, S., Castanys, S., Gamarro, F., 2006. Mechanisms of experimental resistance of Leishmania to miltefosine: implications for clinical use. Drug Resistance Updates 9, 26-39.
46. Rahman, S., Abdullah, F.H., Khan, J.A., 2009. The frequency of old world cutaneous leishmaniasis in skin ulcers in Peshawar. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad 21, 72-75.
47. Reyburn, H., Rowland, M., Mohsen, M., Khan, B., Davies, C., 2003. The prolonged epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan:‘bringing down the neighbourhood’. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97, 170-176.
48. Steverding, D., 2017. The history of leishmaniasis. Parasites & vectors 10, 1-10.
49. Stewart, C.C., Brieger, W.R., 2009. Community views on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Istalif, Afghanistan: implications for treatment and prevention. International quarterly of community health education 29, 123-142.
50. Strazzulla, A., Cocuzza, S., Pinzone, M.R., Postorino, M.C., Cosentino, S., Serra, A., Cacopardo, B., Nunnari, G., 2013. Mucosal leishmaniasis: an underestimated presentation of a neglected disease. BioMed Research International 2013.
51. Sundar, S., More, D.K., Singh, M.K., Singh, V.P., Sharma, S., Makharia, A., Kumar, P.C., Murray, H.W., 2000. Failure of pentavalent antimony in visceral leishmaniasis in India: report from the center of the Indian epidemic. Clinical infectious diseases 31, 1104-1107.
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Aug 13, 2024
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Mohammad Jawad, Fouzia Tanvir, Sheraz Khan, Umar Naveed Saqib, Rabia Ishaq, Farzana Shahin, Asif Bilal, Sibtain Ahmad, Muhammad Laiq, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Rizwan, Amir Anees, Sarwar Allah Ditta, & Atif Yaqub. (2024). EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS INTO CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS SURVEILLANCE IN TRIBAL DISTRICT BAJAUR, PAKISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(8), 684-699. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i8.7440
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Author Biographies
Mohammad Jawad
Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara Pakistan
Fouzia Tanvir
Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara Pakistan
Sheraz Khan
Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara Pakistan
Umar Naveed Saqib
Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Rabia Ishaq
Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha Pakistan
Farzana Shahin
Department of Biological Sciences, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan
Asif Bilal
Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara Pakistan
Sibtain Ahmad
Department of Statistics, Comsats University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Laiq
Center for Advanced Studies Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Usman
Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara Pakistan
Muhammad Rizwan
Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara Pakistan
Amir Anees
Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara Pakistan
Sarwar Allah Ditta
Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
Atif Yaqub
Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
How to Cite
Mohammad Jawad, Fouzia Tanvir, Sheraz Khan, Umar Naveed Saqib, Rabia Ishaq, Farzana Shahin, Asif Bilal, Sibtain Ahmad, Muhammad Laiq, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Rizwan, Amir Anees, Sarwar Allah Ditta, & Atif Yaqub. (2024). EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS INTO CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS SURVEILLANCE IN TRIBAL DISTRICT BAJAUR, PAKISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(8), 684-699. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i8.7440