ASSOCIATION OF RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS WITH THE MENTAL HEALTH STATUS AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
Main Article Content
Keywords
Mental Health, Risk Factors, Protective Factors, Adolescents
Abstract
Background: A person is born with risk factors that could become stress or protective factors that could compromise their mental health.
Objective: This study should investigate how risk factors such as peer pressure, anxiety, stress, emotional problems, behavioral problems, hyperactivity, and bullying and protective factors such as prosocial conduct, family relationships, and self-esteem, affect teenagers' mental health.
Materials and Methods: In District Lahore, 240 high school students participated in this cross-sectional survey. Questionnaires were given to participants to complete as part of the study instrument. Smart PLS and SPSS 23.0 were used to evaluate the data that was gathered.
Results: The results showed that the protective factor and mental health status had been significantly and negatively impacted by the risk factor. Additionally, statistical analysis revealed that the protective factor had a good and significant impact on the state of mental health. The impact of the risk factor on the mental health status was also significantly mediated by the protective factor.
Conclusion: In order to preserve teenagers' mental health, the risk factor must be avoided and the protective factor must be strengthened.
References
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29. Muris, P. (2016). A protective factor against mental health problems in youths? A critical note on the assessment of self-compassion. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(5), 1461–1465.
30. Ngo, A. T., Tran, A. Q., Tran, B. X., Nguyen, L. H., Hoang, M. T., Nguyen, T. H. T., Doan, L. P., Vu, G. T., Nguyen, T. H., & Do, H. T. (2021). Cyberbullying among school adolescents in an urban setting of a developing country: experience, coping strategies, and mediating effects of different support on psychological well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 661919.
31. Organization, W. H. (2005). Child and adolescent mental health policies and plans. World Health Organization.
32. Praptikaningtyas, A. A. I., Wahyuni, A. A. S., & Aryani, L. N. A. (2019). Hubungan tingkat depresi pada remaja dengan prestasi akademis siswa SMA Negeri 4 Denpasar. Jurnal Medika Udayana, 8(7), 1–5.
33. Preston, A. J., & Rew, L. (2022). Connectedness, self-esteem, and prosocial behaviors protect adolescent mental health following social isolation: a systematic review. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 43(1), 32–41.
34. Retnowati, S., & Munawarah, S. M. (2009). Hardiness, harga diri, dukungan sosial dan depresi pada remaja penyintas bencana di Yogyakarta. Jurnal Humanitas, 6(2), 105–122.
35. Richard, J. F. (2002). A typology of children’s friendship motivation. University of Ottawa (Canada).
36. Saniya, S. (2019). Dampak Perilaku Bullying Terhadap Harga Diri (Self Esteem) Remaja Di Pekanbaru. Jurnal Keperawatan Abdurrab, 3(1), 8–16.
37. Sulaiman, W. S. W., Kamaluddin, M. R., Zakaria, E., Ibrahim, F., Nazirah, H., Nen, S., Manap, J., Zamani, Z. A., & Yusooff, F. (2021). Sokongan sosial dan kesihatan mental dan pengaruhnya terhadap kerentanan penglibatan penagih dadah serta pelencongan sosial dalam kalangan remaja. E-bangi, 18(5), 244– 259.
38. Suryasa, I. W., Rodríguez-Gámez, M., & Koldoris, T. (2022). Post-pandemic health and its sustainability: Educational situation. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(1), i-v. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6n1.5949
39. Traylor, A. C., Williams, J. D., Kenney, J. L., & Hopson, L. M. (2016). Relationships between adolescent well-being and friend support and behavior. Children & Schools, 38(3), 179–186.
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41. Triana, R., Keliat, B. A., Wardani, I. Y., Sulistiowati, N. M. D., & Veronika, M. A. (2019). Understanding the protective factors (self-esteem, family relationships, social support) and adolescents’ mental health in Jakarta. Enfermeria Clinica, 29, 629–633.
42. Urbayatun, S., & Widhiarso, W. (2012). Variabel mediator dan moderator dalam penelitian psikologi kesehatan masyarakat. Jurnal Psikologi, 39(2), 180–188.
43. Varela, J. J., Sánchez, P. A., Tezanos-Pinto, D., Chuecas, J., & Benavente, M. (2021). School climate, bullying and mental health among Chilean adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 14(6), 2249–2264.
44. Verawaty, K., & Widiastuti, S. H. (2020). Pengaruh Teknik Relaksasi Napas dalam Terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan Mahasiswa Semester II dalam Menghadapi Ujian Akhir Semester di Akademi Perawatan RS PGI Cikini. Jurnal Keperawatan Cikini, 1(1), 16–21.
45. Verhulp, E. E., Stevens, G. W. J. M., Pels, T. V. M., Van Weert, C., & Vollebergh, W. A. M. (2017). Lay beliefs about emotional problems and attitudes toward mental health care among parents and adolescents: Exploring the impact of immigration. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(2), 269.
46. Vizard, T., Pearce, N., Davis, J., Sadler, K., Ford, T., & Goodman, A. (2018). Mental health of children and young people in England, 2017. Health and Social Care Information Center.
2. Angelina, S., Kurniawan, A., Agung, F. H., Halim, D. A., Wijovi, F., Jodhinata, C., Evangelista, N. N., Agatha, C. M., Orlin, S., & Hamdoyo, A. (2021). Adolescents’ mental health status and influential factors amid the Coronavirus Disease pandemic. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 12, 100903.
3. Anniko, M. K., Boersma, K., & Tillfors, M. (2019). Sources of stress and worry in the development of stress-related mental health problems: A longitudinal investigation from early-to mid-adolescence. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 32(2), 155–167.
4. Arslan, G. (2021). Psychological maltreatment predicts decreases in social wellbeing through resilience in college students: A conditional process approach of positive emotions. Current Psychology, 1–11.
5. Austin, J. L., Jeffries, E. F., Winston III, W., & Brady, S. S. (2022). Race-related stressors and resources for resilience: associations with emotional health, conduct problems, and academic investment among African American early adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(4), 544–553.
6. Auttama, N., Seangpraw, K., Ong-Artborirak, P., & Tonchoy, P. (2021). Factors associated with self-esteem, resilience, mental health, and psychological self-care among university students in Northern Thailand. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 14, 1213.
7. Babić, R., Babić, M., Rastović, P., Ćurlin, M., Šimić, J., Mandić, K., & Pavlović, K. (2020). Resilience in health and illness. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(suppl. 2), 226–232.
8. Batara, R., Ardani, I. G. A. I., Wardani, I. A. K., Windiani, I. G. A. T., Adnyana, I.G. A. N. S., & Setiawati, Y. (2022). Psychogenic dysphagia in children, and the success of family-based treatment: Case report. International Journal of Health & Medical Sciences, 5(1), 163-168. https://doi.org/10.21744/ijhms.v5n1.1894
9. Brackenreed, D. (2010). Resilience and Risk. International Education Studies, 3(3), 111–121.
10. Chang, F., Lee, C., Chiu, C., Hsi, W., Huang, T., & Pan, Y. (2013). Relationships among cyberbullying, school bullying, and mental health in Taiwanese adolescents. Journal of School Health, 83(6), 454–462.
11. Chu, X.-W., Fan, C.-Y., Lian, S.-L., & Zhou, Z.-K. (2019). Does bullying victimization really influence adolescents’ psychosocial problems? A three-wave longitudinal study in China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 246, 603–610.
12. Clarke, A., Pote, I., & Sorgenfrei, M. (2020). Adolescent mental health evidence brief 1: Prevalence of disorders. Early Intervention Foundation.
13. Cowie, H., & Myers, C.-A. (2017). School bullying and mental health: Risks, intervention and prevention. Routledge.
14. Damanik, N. S., Keliat, B. A., & Susanti, H. (2017). Pengaruh terapi kognitif perilaku kelompok dan psikoedukasi keluarga terhadap prodroma early psychosis, ansietas, dan harga diri pada remaja di Sekolah Menengah Pertama. FIK-UI, Jakarta.
15. Fitriah, A., & Hariyono, D. S. (2019). Hubungan Self Esteem Terhadap Kecenderungan Depresi Pada Mahasiswa. Psycho Holistic, 1(1), 8–17.
16. García-Moya, I., Johansson, K., Ragnarsson, S., Bergström, E., & Petersen, S. (2019). School experiences in relation to emotional and conduct problems in adolescence: a 3-year follow up study. European Journal of Public Health, 29(3), 436–441.
17. Goldstein, A. B., & Azrin, S. T. (2014). Evidence-Based Treatments for First Episode Psychosis: Components of Coordinated Specialty Care.
18. Harrison, C., Loxton, H., & Somhlaba, N. Z. (2021). Stress and coping: considering the influence of psychological strengths on the mental health of at- risk South African adolescents. Child Care in Practice, 27(1), 72–86.
19. Herdiyanto, Y. K., Psi, S., & HERDIYANTO, Y. K. (2016). Hubungan antara perilaku prososial dengan psychological well-being pada remaja. Jurnal Psikologi Udayana, 3(1).
20. Hwang, S., Kim, G., Yang, J., & Yang, E. (2016). The moderating effects of age on the relationships of self‐compassion, self‐esteem, and mental health. Japanese Psychological Research, 58(2), 194–205.
21. Jou, Y.-H. (2012). Family relationship quality and its psychological effects among Taiwanese adolescents. In The psychological well-being of East Asian youth (pp. 69–88). Springer.
22. Keane, L., & Loades, M. (2017). Low self‐esteem and internalizing disorders in young people–a systematic review. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 22(1), 4–15.
23. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2018). Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2018. Keyes, C. L. M. (2014). Mental health as a complete state: How the salutogenic perspective completes the picture. Bridging Occupational, Organizational and Public Health, 179–192.
24. Konaszewski, K., Niesiobędzka, M., & Surzykiewicz, J. (2021). Resilience and mental health among juveniles: role of strategies for coping with stress. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 19(1), 1–12.
25. Liu, Y., Zhang, N., Bao, G., Huang, Y., Ji, B., Wu, Y., Liu, C., & Li, G. (2019). Predictors of depressive symptoms in college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 244, 196–208.
26. Marbun, R., & Setiawan, J. L. (2019). Hubungan antara Perilaku Prososial dan Psychological Well-Being pada Remaja Awal. Psychopreneur Journal, 3(2), 81– 91.
27. Moore, G. F., Cox, R., Evans, R. E., Hallingberg, B., Hawkins, J., Littlecott, H. J., Long, S. J., & Murphy, S. (2018). School, peer and family relationships and adolescent substance use, subjective wellbeing and mental health symptoms in Wales: A cross sectional study. Child Indicators Research, 11(6), 1951–1965.
28. Moore, K. A., & N Ramirez, A. (2016). Adverse childhood experience and adolescent well-being: Do protective factors matter? Child Indicators Research, 9(2), 299–316.
29. Muris, P. (2016). A protective factor against mental health problems in youths? A critical note on the assessment of self-compassion. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(5), 1461–1465.
30. Ngo, A. T., Tran, A. Q., Tran, B. X., Nguyen, L. H., Hoang, M. T., Nguyen, T. H. T., Doan, L. P., Vu, G. T., Nguyen, T. H., & Do, H. T. (2021). Cyberbullying among school adolescents in an urban setting of a developing country: experience, coping strategies, and mediating effects of different support on psychological well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 661919.
31. Organization, W. H. (2005). Child and adolescent mental health policies and plans. World Health Organization.
32. Praptikaningtyas, A. A. I., Wahyuni, A. A. S., & Aryani, L. N. A. (2019). Hubungan tingkat depresi pada remaja dengan prestasi akademis siswa SMA Negeri 4 Denpasar. Jurnal Medika Udayana, 8(7), 1–5.
33. Preston, A. J., & Rew, L. (2022). Connectedness, self-esteem, and prosocial behaviors protect adolescent mental health following social isolation: a systematic review. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 43(1), 32–41.
34. Retnowati, S., & Munawarah, S. M. (2009). Hardiness, harga diri, dukungan sosial dan depresi pada remaja penyintas bencana di Yogyakarta. Jurnal Humanitas, 6(2), 105–122.
35. Richard, J. F. (2002). A typology of children’s friendship motivation. University of Ottawa (Canada).
36. Saniya, S. (2019). Dampak Perilaku Bullying Terhadap Harga Diri (Self Esteem) Remaja Di Pekanbaru. Jurnal Keperawatan Abdurrab, 3(1), 8–16.
37. Sulaiman, W. S. W., Kamaluddin, M. R., Zakaria, E., Ibrahim, F., Nazirah, H., Nen, S., Manap, J., Zamani, Z. A., & Yusooff, F. (2021). Sokongan sosial dan kesihatan mental dan pengaruhnya terhadap kerentanan penglibatan penagih dadah serta pelencongan sosial dalam kalangan remaja. E-bangi, 18(5), 244– 259.
38. Suryasa, I. W., Rodríguez-Gámez, M., & Koldoris, T. (2022). Post-pandemic health and its sustainability: Educational situation. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(1), i-v. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6n1.5949
39. Traylor, A. C., Williams, J. D., Kenney, J. L., & Hopson, L. M. (2016). Relationships between adolescent well-being and friend support and behavior. Children & Schools, 38(3), 179–186.
40. Triana, R., Keliat, B. A., & Sulistiowati, N. M. D. (2019). The relationship between self-esteem, family relationships and social support as the protective factors and adolescent mental health. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(1), 41– 47.
41. Triana, R., Keliat, B. A., Wardani, I. Y., Sulistiowati, N. M. D., & Veronika, M. A. (2019). Understanding the protective factors (self-esteem, family relationships, social support) and adolescents’ mental health in Jakarta. Enfermeria Clinica, 29, 629–633.
42. Urbayatun, S., & Widhiarso, W. (2012). Variabel mediator dan moderator dalam penelitian psikologi kesehatan masyarakat. Jurnal Psikologi, 39(2), 180–188.
43. Varela, J. J., Sánchez, P. A., Tezanos-Pinto, D., Chuecas, J., & Benavente, M. (2021). School climate, bullying and mental health among Chilean adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 14(6), 2249–2264.
44. Verawaty, K., & Widiastuti, S. H. (2020). Pengaruh Teknik Relaksasi Napas dalam Terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan Mahasiswa Semester II dalam Menghadapi Ujian Akhir Semester di Akademi Perawatan RS PGI Cikini. Jurnal Keperawatan Cikini, 1(1), 16–21.
45. Verhulp, E. E., Stevens, G. W. J. M., Pels, T. V. M., Van Weert, C., & Vollebergh, W. A. M. (2017). Lay beliefs about emotional problems and attitudes toward mental health care among parents and adolescents: Exploring the impact of immigration. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(2), 269.
46. Vizard, T., Pearce, N., Davis, J., Sadler, K., Ford, T., & Goodman, A. (2018). Mental health of children and young people in England, 2017. Health and Social Care Information Center.
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Jun 29, 2024
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Dr Ayesha Mustafa, Tabassam Zia, Adeeba Khanum, Sidra Muattar, & Roma Emmanuel. (2024). ASSOCIATION OF RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS WITH THE MENTAL HEALTH STATUS AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 2071-2080. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.6824
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Author Biographies
Dr Ayesha Mustafa
Medical Officer, Fatima Memorial Hospital Lahore/FMH College of Medicine & Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan
Tabassam Zia
PhD Nursing Scholar, Centre of Post Graduate Studies, Lincoln University, Malaysia
Adeeba Khanum
Nursing Instructor, College of Nursing, University of Child Health Sciences/The Children Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Sidra Muattar
Charge Nurse, Services Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Roma Emmanuel
Charge Nurse, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
How to Cite
Dr Ayesha Mustafa, Tabassam Zia, Adeeba Khanum, Sidra Muattar, & Roma Emmanuel. (2024). ASSOCIATION OF RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS WITH THE MENTAL HEALTH STATUS AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 2071-2080. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.6824