PAKISTANI MOTHERS AS A THERAPEUTIC AGENT: CHILD-PARENT RELATIONSHIP THERAPY ON CHILDREN EXPOSED TO TRAUMA WITH INTERIALIZING AND EXTERNALIZING BEHAVIOR
Main Article Content
Keywords
Child-parent relationship therapy (CPRT), Children Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior, Exposed to trauma.
Abstract
The aim of the study to examine the effectiveness of child-parent relationship therapy in decreasing externalizing and internalizing behavior among children exposed to trauma. It was conducted in Pakistan's twin cities (Rawalpindi and Islamabad).The selection of participants was based on inclusive criteria. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique. There were N=60 mothers of children exposed to trauma in total were included as research participants and equally divided into intervention and control groups. CATS-C was used for screening children's trauma symptoms. CABI was used to assess the behavior of children in terms of externalizing and internalizing. CPRT therapeutic techniques were instructed to experimental group for 10 weeks in ten sessions. Results indicated that overall behavior of children were significantly difference between the pre-and post-tests for the intervention group with t(29) = 9.78, p<.000) and Cohen’s d 0.57 medium effect size and r=.95, p<.000). In the intervention group, CPRT significantly reduced externalizing and internalizing behavior in the children as compared to control group, and the results showed that CPRT therapeutic techniques show its impact on children’s behavior. A study has demonstrated that CPRT improves overall behavior, especially internalizing and externalizing behavior in children. The study implies that the behavior therapist, family therapist, school psychologist and play therapist will use it as a therapeutic training program for parents to contribute to their children’s life.
References
2. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association 2000.
3. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association 2013.
4. Amiri, R., Alizadeh, S., Barkhi, M., Moini, Z., Sani, S. B., Nohesara, S., & Dehyadegary, E. (2015). Child Parent Relationship Therapy (Cprt) On Children’s Externalizing Behaviour Problems. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN:, 5(1), 2877-2882. www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2015/01/jls.htm
5. Abbas SS, Jabeen T. Prevalence of Child Abuse Among the University Students: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study in University of the Punjab, Pakistan. Int Q Community Health Educ. 2020 Jan;40(2):125-134. doi: 10.1177/0272684X19861578. Epub 2019 Jul 5. PMID: 31274371.
6. Ahmadizadeh, R., Zenoozian, S., Rezaei, M., Mohammadi, J., & Motahhari, Z. (2022). undefined. Preventive Care In Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 12(1), 20-28.
https://doi.org/10.52547/pcnm.12.1.20
7. Alisic E, Zalta AK, van Wesel F, Larsen SE, Hafstad GS, Hassanpour K, Smid GE. Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204:335-40. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227. PMID: 24785767.
8. Bratton, S. C., & Landreth, G. L. (2019). Child parent relationship therapy (CPRT) treatment manual: A 10-Session filial therapy model for training parents. Routledge.
9. Baumrind D (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence l 56-95.
10. Cartwright-Hatton S (2005). Parent skill training: An effective intervention for internalizing symptoms in younger children. Journal of child and adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 7 128-139. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6171.2005.00014.x
11. Ceballos P (2008). Child parent relationship therapy (CPRT) with low income first generation immigrant Hispanic parents: Effects on child behavior and parent child relationship stress. Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Texas, Available: http://proquest.umi.com
12. Campbell SB, Shaw DS, Gilliom M. Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment. Development and Psychopathology. 2000;12:467–488.
13. Cloitre M, Stolbach BC, Herman JL, van der Kolk B, Pynoos R, Wang J, Petkova E. A developmental approach to complex PTSD: childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. J Trauma Stress. 2009 Oct;22(5):399-408. doi: 10.1002/jts.20444. Epub 2009 Sep 30. PMID: 19795402.
14. Cianchetti, C., Pittau, A., Carta, V., Campus, G., Littarru, R., Ledda, M. G., Zuddas, A., & Fancello, G. S. (2013). Child and adolescent behavior inventory (CABI): A new instrument for epidemiological studies and pre-clinical evaluation. Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 9(1), 51-61. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901309010051
15. Cianchetti, C., Pasculli, M., Pittau, A., Campus, M. G., Carta, V., Littarru, R., Fancello, G. S., Zuddas, A., & Ledda, M. G. (2017). Child and adolescent behavior inventory (CABI): Standardization for age 6-17 years and first clinical application. Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 13(1), 20-26. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901713010020
16. Ceballos P (2008). Child parent relationship therapy (CPRT) with low income first generation immigrant Hispanic parents: Effects on child behavior and parent child relationship stress. Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Texas, Available: http://proquest.umi.com
17. Darling E, McCartney K and Taylor BA (2006). Within-child associations between family income and externalizing and internalizing problems. Developmental Psychology 42 237-252
18. Eisenberg N, Cumberland A, Spinrad TL, Fabes RA, Shepard SA, Reiser M, et al. The relations of regulation and emotionality to children’s externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development. 2001;72:1112–1134.
19. Foley YC, Higdon L and White J (2006). A qualitative study of filial therapy: Parents’ Voices. International Journal of Play Therapy 15 37-64.
20. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
21. Higgins, D. J., & McCabe, M. P. (2001). Multiple forms of child abuse and neglect: Adult retrospective reports. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6(6), 547–578.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(00)00030-6
22. Liu J, Chen X, Lewis G. Childhood internalizing behaviour: analysis and implications. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2011 Dec;18(10):884-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01743.x. Epub 2011 May 20. PMID: 22070805; PMCID: PMC5675073.
23. Nekokara, W. J. (2021, July 29). Understanding child abuse. Pakistan Today.
https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/07/29/understanding-child-abuse/
24. Reed KL (2009). An exploration study of the relationship between effectiveness of filial therapy training groups and group cohesion. Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Texas, Available: Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com
25. Rogers C (1951). Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications, and Theory (Boston: Houghton Mifflin).
26. Sachser, C., Berliner, L., Holt, T., Jensen, T. K., Jungbluth, N., Risch, E., Rosner, R., & Goldbeck, L. (2017). International development and psychometric properties of the child and adolescent trauma screen (CATS). Journal of Affective Disorders, 210, 189-195.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.040
27. Sheely A (2008). School based child parent relationship therapy (CPRT) with low income black American parents: effects on children’s behaviors and parent – child relationship stress. Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Texas, Available: http://proquest.umi.com
28. Tew K, Landreth GL, Joiner KD and Solt MD (2002). Filial therapy with parents of chronically ill children. International Journal of Play Therapy 11(1) 79-100. DOI:10.1037/h0088858
29. Smith DM and Landreth GL (2004). Filial therapy with teachers of deaf and hard of hearing preschool children. International Journal of Play Therapy 13(1) 13-33.
30. Villarreal CE (2007). Child parent relationship therapy (CPRT) with Hispanic parents. PhD thesis, Regent University, Available: http://proquest.umi.com.
31. West BE (2010). A mixed-methods approach to the experiences of non-offending parents in child parent relationship therapy (CPRT). Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas, United States.
32. Wisen-Vincent, G., & Bokoch, R. (2023). Effectiveness of the PlayStrong neuro-filial parenting program: A program evaluation of an online pilot during COVID-19. International Journal of Play Therapy, 32(1), 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1037/pla0000186
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Tayyaba Hanif
Lecturer, COMSATS University Islamabad, Ph.D. Scholar, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi.
Dr Iram Gul
Associate Professor, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi