VIDEO GAMING AND MEDIA: UNRAVELING THE EFFECTS ON ADOLESCENT WELL-BEING AMIDST THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Main Article Content
Keywords
Media usage, video gaming, screen time, physical wellbeing, Body Mass Index, psychological wellbeing, COVID-19 pandemic.
Abstract
Numerous research studies have shown that during COVID-19 pandemic media usage and video gaming have increased which has adverse effects on physical and psychological wellbeing of younger generation especially adolescents. The current study was designed to explore the relationship of video games and media with physical and psychological wellbeing of adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic. In this cross-sectional study, the sample was collected from 420 participants (Male=218; Females=202) within the age range of 13-19 years from different educational institutions. Physical and psychological wellbeing were assessed with EQ-5D-5L and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) respectively. Media usage was measured in terms of screen time and pandemic related media consumption/exposure through Screen time questionnaire and Media Use Questionnaire respectively and video gaming was assessed through assessment of Internet and Computer Gaming Addiction Scale (AICA-S). Results revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between screen time, video gaming and media use time and impaired physical and psychological wellbeing. Whereas only video gaming showed a positive correlation with BMI. Hierarchal regression analysis revealed weekday screen time, video gaming, pandemic related media use and media exposure were the significant predictors of psychological and physical wellbeing after controlling for demographic variables. The outcome of the current research emphasized that media and video game usage has adverse effects on physical and psychological wellbeing among adolescents. The study has its implication for mental health policy makers and practitioners who are working on psychological and physical wellbeing of adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic.
References
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27. Nagata, J. M., Abdel Magid, H. S., & Pettee Gabriel, K. (2020). Screen Time for Children and Adolescents During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Obesity, 28(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22917
28. Owen, P. (2016, March 9). What Is A Video Game? A Short Explainer.
29. Ostbye, T., Pomerleau, J., White, M., Coolich, M., & McWhinney, J. (1993). Food and nutrition in Canadian" prime time" television commercials. Canadian Journal of Public Health= Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique, 84(6), 370-374.
30. Pahayahay, A., & Khalili-Mahani, N. (2020). What media helps, what media hurts: a mixed methods survey study of coping with COVID-19 using the media repertoire framework and the appraisal theory of stress. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(8), e20186.
31. Rosiek, A., Maciejewska, N. F., Leksowski, K., Rosiek-Kryszewska, A., & Leksowski, Ł. (2015). Effect of television on obesity and excess of weight and consequences of health. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 12, Issue 8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809408
32. Rahman, K. T., & Arif, M. Z. U. (2021). Impacts of Binge-Watching on Netflix during the COVID-19 pandemic. South Asian Journal of Marketing.
33. Salam, Z., Sadiq, Z., Tajamul, U., Sethi, M. R., & Irfan, M. (2019). Internet Gaming Disorder In Students Of Peshawar: A Cross Sectional Survey. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC, 31(4).
34. Shah, Z., Chu, J., Ghani, U., Qaisar, S., & Hassan, Z. (2020). Media and altruistic behaviors: The mediating role of fear of victimization in cultivation theory perspective. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101336
35. Shahbaz , F. ., Bilal Afzal, M., Huda Abbasi, H., Sajjad Asghar, R., Muhammad, B. ., Ashfaq, A., Ali Chaudhary, N., Naveed Tahir, M., Saleem, J., & Haider, N. . (2023). Public Perception and Satisfaction with Health Insurance through Sehat Insaaf Card in Punjab: Health Insurance through Sehat Insaaf Card. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 4(03), 181–184. https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v4i03.631
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37. Shirley, P., Arumugam, B., Suganya, E., & Gowthamraj, M. (2018). Effects of video game on socio- behavioral environment. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20185253
38. Sundaray, A., & Chopra Galimotu, N. (2020). Effects of video games on individuals during COVID-19 lockdown in India. Academia.Edu, 8(2).
39. Traunmüller, C., Stefitz, R., Gaisbachgrabner, K., & Schwerdtfeger, A. (2020). Psychological correlates of COVID-19 pandemic in the Austrian population. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09489-5
40. Twenge, J. M. (2020). Increases in Depression, Self‐Harm, and Suicide Among U.S. Adolescents After 2012 and Links to Technology Use: Possible Mechanisms. Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.prcp.20190015
41. Twenge, J. M., Cooper, A. B., Joiner, T. E., Duffy, M. E., & Binau, S. G. (2019). Age, Period, and Cohort Trends in Mood Disorder Indicators and Suicide-Related Outcomes in a Nationally Representative Dataset, 2005-2017. In Journal of Abnormal Psychology (Vol. 128, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000410
42. Vizcaino, M., Buman, M., Desroches, C. T., & Wharton, C. (2019). Reliability of a new measure to assess modern screen time in adults. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7745-6
43. Vizcaino, M., Buman, M., Desroches, T., & Wharton, C. (2020). From TVs to tablets: The relation between device-specific screen time and health-related behaviors and characteristics. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09410-0
44. Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Roberts, L. R., & Eckles, K. (2014). Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000047
45. Wold, S. (2020, September 16). COVID-19 is changing how, why and how much we’re using social media. Retrevied from: https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/2020/09/16/covid-19-is-changing-how-why-and-how-much-were-using-social-media/.
46. Wölfling, K., Müller, K. W., & Beutel, M. (2011). Reliabilität und Validität der Skala zum Computerspielverhalten (CSV-S) [Reliability and validity of the Scale for the Assessment of Pathological Computer-Gaming (CSV-S)]. PPmP: Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie, 61(5).
47. Woods, H. C., & Scott, H. (2016). #Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 51, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008
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49. Xue, D., Liu, T., Chen, X., Liu, X., & Chao, M. (2021). Data on media use and mental health during the outbreak of COVID-19 in China. Data in Brief, 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.106765
50. Zamani, E., Chashmi, M., & Hedayati, N. (2009). Effect of addiction to computer games on physical and mental health of female and male students of guidance school in city of isfahan. Addiction & Health, 1(2).
51. Zhu, L. (2021). The psychology behind video games during COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Animal Crossing: New Horizons. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.221
2. André, F., Broman, N., Håkansson, A., & Claesdotter-Knutsson, E. (2020). Gaming addiction, problematic gaming and engaged gaming – Prevalence and associated characteristics. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100324
3. Anjara, S. G., Bonetto, C., Van Bortel, T., & Brayne, C. (2020). Using the GHQ-12 to screen for mental health problems among primary care patients: psychometrics and practical considerations. International journal of mental health systems, 14(1), 1-13.
4. Barr, M., & Copeland-Stewart, A. (2021). Playing Video Games During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Effects on Players’ Well-Being. Games and Culture. https://doi.org/10.1177/15554120211017036
5. Banerjee, D., & Sathyanarayana Rao, T. (2020). Psychology of misinformation and the media: Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry, 36(5). https://doi.org/10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_112_20
6. Bendau, A., Petzold, M. B., Pyrkosch, L., Mascarell Maricic, L., Betzler, F., Rogoll, J., Große, J., Ströhle, A., & Plag, J. (2021). Associations between COVID-19 related media consumption and symptoms of anxiety, depression and COVID-19 related fear in the general population in Germany. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 271(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-01171-6
7. Bhatta, J., Sharma, S., Kandel, S., & Nepal, R. (2020). Infodemic monikers in social media during covid-19 pandemic. In Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management (Vol. 15, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.24083/APJHM.V15I4.513
8. Burdenko, E. V., & Shchepetov, V. V. (2021). Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On The Global Video Games Market. International Trade and Trade Policy.
9. Braig, S., Genuneit, J., Walter, V., Brandt, S., Wabitsch, M., Goldbeck, L., Brenner, H., & Rothenbacher, D. (2018). Screen time, physical activity and self-esteem in children: The Ulm birth cohort study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061275
10. Cennimo, D. J. (2021). What is novel coronavirus ? Medscape.
11. Chaput, J. P., Visby, T., Nyby, S., Klingenberg, L., Gregersen, N. T., Tremblay, A., Astrup, A., & Sjödin, A. (2011). Video game playing increases food intake in adolescents: A randomized crossover study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93(6). https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.008680
12. Colley, R. C., Bushnik, T., & Langlois, K. (2020). Exercise and screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Reports, 31(6). https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202000600001-eng
13. Eknoyan, G. (2008). Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874)—the average man and indices of obesity. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 23(1), 47-51.
14. Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics using SPSS. 3rd edition. London: SAGE publications.
15. Gao, F., Luo, N., Thumboo, J., Fones, C., Li, S. C., & Cheung, Y. B. (2004). Does the 12-item General Health Questionnaire contain multiple factors and do we need them?. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2(1), 1-7.
16. Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Fu, H., & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS ONE, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924
17. Geen, R. (2001). Human aggression (2nd ed.). Buckingham: Open University Press.
18. Goldberg, D. P., Oldehinkel, T., & Ormel, J. (1998). Why GHQ threshold varies from one place to another. Psychological Medicine, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291798006874
19. Goldberg, D. P. (1988). A user’s guide to the General Health Questionnaire / David Goldberg and Paul Williams. - Version details - Trove. NFER-Nelson Publishing Company Limited.
20. Hartley, S. (2012). The BMI Formula. What Health.
21. Herdman, M., Gudex, C., Lloyd, A., Janssen, M., Kind, P., Parkin, D., Bonsel, G., & Badia, X. (2009). Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 20(10), 1727–1736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-9903-x
22. Hofferth, S. L. (2010). Home media and children’s achievement and behavior. Child Development, 81(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01494.x
23. Jatobá, J. D. V. N., & Bastos, O. (2007). Depression and anxiety in adolescents from public and private schools [Depressão e ansiedade em adolescentes de escolas públicas e privadas]. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 56(3).
24. Kohorst, M. A., Warad, D. M., Nageswara Rao, A. A., & Rodriguez, V. (2018). Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and video games: The new thrombophilia cocktail in adolescents. Pediatric Blood and Cancer, 65(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.27041
25. Liu, P. L. (2020). COVID-19 Information Seeking on Digital Media and Preventive Behaviors: The Mediation Role of Worry. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(10). https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0250
26. Lowry, R., Wechsler, H., Galuska, D. A., Fulton, J. E., & Kann, L. (2002). Television viewing and its associations with overweight, sedentary lifestyle, and insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables among US high school students: differences by race, ethnicity, and gender. Journal of school health, 72(10), 413-421.
27. Nagata, J. M., Abdel Magid, H. S., & Pettee Gabriel, K. (2020). Screen Time for Children and Adolescents During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Obesity, 28(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22917
28. Owen, P. (2016, March 9). What Is A Video Game? A Short Explainer.
29. Ostbye, T., Pomerleau, J., White, M., Coolich, M., & McWhinney, J. (1993). Food and nutrition in Canadian" prime time" television commercials. Canadian Journal of Public Health= Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique, 84(6), 370-374.
30. Pahayahay, A., & Khalili-Mahani, N. (2020). What media helps, what media hurts: a mixed methods survey study of coping with COVID-19 using the media repertoire framework and the appraisal theory of stress. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(8), e20186.
31. Rosiek, A., Maciejewska, N. F., Leksowski, K., Rosiek-Kryszewska, A., & Leksowski, Ł. (2015). Effect of television on obesity and excess of weight and consequences of health. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 12, Issue 8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809408
32. Rahman, K. T., & Arif, M. Z. U. (2021). Impacts of Binge-Watching on Netflix during the COVID-19 pandemic. South Asian Journal of Marketing.
33. Salam, Z., Sadiq, Z., Tajamul, U., Sethi, M. R., & Irfan, M. (2019). Internet Gaming Disorder In Students Of Peshawar: A Cross Sectional Survey. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC, 31(4).
34. Shah, Z., Chu, J., Ghani, U., Qaisar, S., & Hassan, Z. (2020). Media and altruistic behaviors: The mediating role of fear of victimization in cultivation theory perspective. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101336
35. Shahbaz , F. ., Bilal Afzal, M., Huda Abbasi, H., Sajjad Asghar, R., Muhammad, B. ., Ashfaq, A., Ali Chaudhary, N., Naveed Tahir, M., Saleem, J., & Haider, N. . (2023). Public Perception and Satisfaction with Health Insurance through Sehat Insaaf Card in Punjab: Health Insurance through Sehat Insaaf Card. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 4(03), 181–184. https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v4i03.631
36. Sheen, A., Ro, G., Pinheiro Dos Santos, A. C. Z., Kagadkar, F., & Zeshan, M. (2020). 51.15 SCREEN TIME IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19: THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.08.425
37. Shirley, P., Arumugam, B., Suganya, E., & Gowthamraj, M. (2018). Effects of video game on socio- behavioral environment. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20185253
38. Sundaray, A., & Chopra Galimotu, N. (2020). Effects of video games on individuals during COVID-19 lockdown in India. Academia.Edu, 8(2).
39. Traunmüller, C., Stefitz, R., Gaisbachgrabner, K., & Schwerdtfeger, A. (2020). Psychological correlates of COVID-19 pandemic in the Austrian population. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09489-5
40. Twenge, J. M. (2020). Increases in Depression, Self‐Harm, and Suicide Among U.S. Adolescents After 2012 and Links to Technology Use: Possible Mechanisms. Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.prcp.20190015
41. Twenge, J. M., Cooper, A. B., Joiner, T. E., Duffy, M. E., & Binau, S. G. (2019). Age, Period, and Cohort Trends in Mood Disorder Indicators and Suicide-Related Outcomes in a Nationally Representative Dataset, 2005-2017. In Journal of Abnormal Psychology (Vol. 128, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000410
42. Vizcaino, M., Buman, M., Desroches, C. T., & Wharton, C. (2019). Reliability of a new measure to assess modern screen time in adults. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7745-6
43. Vizcaino, M., Buman, M., Desroches, T., & Wharton, C. (2020). From TVs to tablets: The relation between device-specific screen time and health-related behaviors and characteristics. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09410-0
44. Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Roberts, L. R., & Eckles, K. (2014). Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000047
45. Wold, S. (2020, September 16). COVID-19 is changing how, why and how much we’re using social media. Retrevied from: https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/2020/09/16/covid-19-is-changing-how-why-and-how-much-were-using-social-media/.
46. Wölfling, K., Müller, K. W., & Beutel, M. (2011). Reliabilität und Validität der Skala zum Computerspielverhalten (CSV-S) [Reliability and validity of the Scale for the Assessment of Pathological Computer-Gaming (CSV-S)]. PPmP: Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie, 61(5).
47. Woods, H. C., & Scott, H. (2016). #Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 51, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008
48. World Health Organization. (2020). Infodemic. Retreived from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/infodemic#tab=tab_1.
49. Xue, D., Liu, T., Chen, X., Liu, X., & Chao, M. (2021). Data on media use and mental health during the outbreak of COVID-19 in China. Data in Brief, 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.106765
50. Zamani, E., Chashmi, M., & Hedayati, N. (2009). Effect of addiction to computer games on physical and mental health of female and male students of guidance school in city of isfahan. Addiction & Health, 1(2).
51. Zhu, L. (2021). The psychology behind video games during COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Animal Crossing: New Horizons. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.221
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Dec 11, 2023
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How to Cite
Anoosha Waheed, Dr Iram Gul, Ms. Aysha Aneeq, Dr Sajida Naz, & Ms. Tayyaba Hanif. (2023). VIDEO GAMING AND MEDIA: UNRAVELING THE EFFECTS ON ADOLESCENT WELL-BEING AMIDST THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(19), 362-380. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i19.3666
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Author Biographies
Anoosha Waheed
Graduate of Department of Behavioural Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
Dr Iram Gul
Associate professor, Chairperson, Department of Behavioural Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Ms. Aysha Aneeq
Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad
Dr Sajida Naz
Associate Professor, Department of Behavioural Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Ms. Tayyaba Hanif
Lecturer, Department of Humanities, Comsats University, Islamabad, Pakistan
How to Cite
Anoosha Waheed, Dr Iram Gul, Ms. Aysha Aneeq, Dr Sajida Naz, & Ms. Tayyaba Hanif. (2023). VIDEO GAMING AND MEDIA: UNRAVELING THE EFFECTS ON ADOLESCENT WELL-BEING AMIDST THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(19), 362-380. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i19.3666