COMPARISON OF HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN DIABETIC SMOKERS/NON-DIABETIC SMOKERS WITH DIABETIC NON-SMOKERS AND NON-DIABETICS NON-SMOKERS
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Keywords
Diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, hematological parameters, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, platelets, HbA1c, inflammation.
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus and cigarette smoking are major public health concerns that independently contribute to metabolic disturbances, chronic inflammation, and hematological abnormalities. When present together, their combined effects may exacerbate physiological dysfunction and increase the risk of systemic complications. This study aimed to compare hematological parameters among diabetic smokers, non-diabetic smokers, diabetic non-smokers, and healthy non-smokers.
Methodology: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Civil Hospital Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan, over a one-year period. A total of 384 participants were enrolled and equally divided into four groups: Diabetic Smokers (DS, n=96), Non-Diabetic Smokers (NDS, n=96), Diabetic Non-Smokers (DNS, n=96), and Non-Diabetic Non-Smokers (NDNS, n=96). Blood samples were collected using standard venipuncture techniques and analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer. Hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22, and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Significant differences were observed among the study groups regarding glycemic control and hematological parameters. Diabetic smokers exhibited the highest mean HbA1c levels (9.02 ± 1.31%), followed by diabetic non-smokers (7.84 ± 1.12%), non-diabetic smokers (5.73 ± 0.41%), and non-diabetic non-smokers (5.18 ± 0.29%) (p<0.001). Hemoglobin levels were significantly lower among diabetic smokers (13.2 ± 1.4 g/dL) compared to non-diabetic smokers (14.1 ± 1.2 g/dL), diabetic non-smokers (13.6 ± 1.3 g/dL), and healthy controls (14.5 ± 1.1 g/dL) (p=0.021). White blood cell counts were significantly elevated in diabetic smokers (8.9 ± 2.1 ×10³/μL), indicating increased inflammatory activity (p<0.001). Platelet counts were also significantly different among groups, with the lowest values observed in diabetic smokers (278 ± 64 ×10³/μL) and the highest in healthy controls (301 ± 48 ×10³/μL) (p=0.038).
Conclusion: The coexistence of diabetes mellitus and cigarette smoking is associated with poorer glycemic control and significant alterations in hematological parameters. Smoking cessation should be strongly emphasized in diabetic individuals to improve clinical outcomes and reduce disease-related complications.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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Ashfaque Ahmed
PhD Scholar, Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
Jamshed Ahmed Warsi
Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
Abdul Waheed
Department of Medicine, Jhalawan Medical College, Khuzdar.
Malook Jan
Department of Hematology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi.
Hazar Khan Bugti
Department of Pharmacology, Mekran Medical College, Turbat.
Abdul Samad
Department of Physiology, Pak International Medical College
