AGE ESTIMATION FROM EPIPHYSEAL UNION OF MEDIAL END OF CLAVICLE IN PUKHTOONS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Age assessment, medial clavicular epiphysis, x-rays, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pathans.
Abstract
Introduction: Forensic age estimation is a current and an important area of research for forensic scientists. Forensic expert has to execute an important medicolegal obligation of assessing the age in civil and criminal situations and his opinion plays an important role in the execution of justice, He has to review the available literature for the assessment of age in various populations.
Research has been carried out in various regions on mixed population and no study is available on our racial population.
Objective: Objective of this study is to determine the mean age of epiphyseal union of medial end clavicle in Pathans of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by Radiological examination.
Study Design and Setting: Cross sectional study.
Subjects: 334 living subjects including male and female gender.
Methods: The subjects visiting the x-ray department for minor ailments and for other clinical conditions would be exposed for x-ray chest, postero-anterior view uses standard technique. An informed consent would also be taken.
The principles of radiation exposure would be determined by the department of radiology before x-rays were taken. These subjects would not be exposed to X-rays specifically for epiphyseal union analysis. Subjects from 18 years to 30 years of age were selected for study.
Results: The mean age of fusion of epiphysis of medial end clavicle was found to be 24 ± 3.76 years, no significant difference was observed for early fusion in female to male ratio. Statistically significant difference was observed for time of complete fusion on age basis in both the genders.
Conclusions: (1) It is concluded on the basis of result of this study that mean age of epiphyseal union of medial end clavicle is 24 ± 3.76 in Pathans of KPK. (2) There is no difference in time of epiphyseal union of clavicle gender wise.
References
2. Caggiano M, Scelza G, Amato A, Orefice R, Belli S, Pagano S, et al. Estimating the 18-Year Threshold with Third Molars Radiographs in the Southern Italy Population: Accuracy and Reproducibility of Demirjian Method. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022 Jan;19(16):10454.
3. https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jfmt&volume=37&issue=1&article=013. [cited 2025 May 21]; Available from: https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jfmt&volume=37&issue=1&article=013
4. Patil M, Tivaskar S, Luharia A, Dhande R, Pathade A. Age Estimation Using Digital Radiography Of Epiphysial Union Of Shoulder Joint. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results. 2022 Oct 27;13:23–9.
5. Khan K, Zaidi SBA, Ali A. Evaluating the Nature of Distractive Driving Factors towards Road Traffic Accident. Civil Engineering Journal. 2020 Aug 1;6:1555–80.
6. eleclaws18.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2025 May 21]. Available from: https://ecp.gov.pk/storage/files/1/eleclaws18.pdf
7. Eckert WG, Garland N. The history of the forensic application in radiology. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 1984 Mar;5(1):53.
8. Carroll QB. Radiography in the Digital Age: Physics - Exposure - Radiation Biology. Charles C Thomas Publisher; 2023. 839 p.
9. Imaging and radiology: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2025 May 21]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007451.htm
10. Chowdhuri S, Ghosh A, Das S, Ghosh R, Bose TK. Estimation of Age from Medial Clavicle Radiological Ossification Staging in a Regional Population of Eastern India. The Saudi Journal of Forensic Medicine and Sciences. 2019 Aug;2(2):32.
11. Bos D, Guberina N, Zensen S, Opitz M, Forsting M, Wetter A. Radiation Exposure in Computed Tomography. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2023 Mar;120(9):135–41.
12. Bjørk MB, Kvaal SI. CT and MR imaging used in age estimation: a systematic review. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 2018 May 1;36(1):14–25.
13. Malyugina O, Kalinin E, Maslova E, Alekberov R, Murzaeva D, Minasov TB. Modern X-Ray Methods for Studying Bone Tissue. Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering. 2020;46:25–34.
14. The Formation of the Epiphyseal Bone Plate Occurs via Combined Endochondral and Intramembranous-Like Ossification [Internet]. [cited 2025 May 21]. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/900
15. Ossification - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics [Internet]. [cited 2025 May 21]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/ossification
16. X-ray | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 May 21]. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/science/X-ray
17. Patidar G, Saini H, Vinchurkar K, Mishra DDK. RADIOPAQUE DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS. 8(12).
18. Hayre CM, Blackman S, Carlton K, Eyden A. Attitudes and perceptions of radiographers applying lead (Pb) protection in general radiography: An ethnographic study. Radiography. 2018 Feb 1;24(1):e13–8.
19. Wittauer M, Burch MA, McNally M, Vandendriessche T, Clauss M, Della Rocca GJ, et al. Definition of long-bone nonunion: A scoping review of prospective clinical trials to evaluate current practice. Injury. 2021 Nov 1;52(11):3200–5.
20. Adserias-Garriga J, Wilson-Taylor R. Chapter 5 - Skeletal age estimation in adults. In: Adserias-Garriga J, editor. Age Estimation [Internet]. Academic Press; 2019 [cited 2025 May 21]. p. 55–73. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128144916000054
21. Falch-Eriksen A, Backe-Hansen E, editors. Human Rights in Child Protection: Implications for Professional Practice and Policy [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018 [cited 2025 May 21]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-94800-3
22. The State of the World’s Children 2012 | UNICEF [Internet]. [cited 2025 May 21]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2012
23. Pakistan’s displacement crisis far from over - U.N. - Pakistan | ReliefWeb [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2025 May 21]. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/pakistans-displacement-crisis-far-over-un
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Rizwan ul Haq
MBBS, M.Phil. Professor Forensic Medicine, Jinnah Medical College Peshawar, Pakistan
Farooq Khan
MBBS, CHPE, PGD, M.Phil. and PhD (Anatomy), Professor of Anatomy Department, Jinnah Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
Musart Ali
MBBS DMJ CHPE, Ex, Principal Medical Officer, Provincial Health Services KPK / Ex MLO DHQ Teaching Hospital, Kohat, Pakistan
Rabia Khan
Assistant Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine, KMU-IMS, Kohat, Pakistan
Ihsan Ullah
Assistant Professor, Jinnah Medical College Peshawar, Pakistan
Nayella Nijat Bangash
Assistant Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan
