IMPACT OF HEALTH EDUCATION ON ATTITUDE, KNOWLEDGE, AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Health Education, Glycemic Control, Knowledge, Attitudes, Diabetes Management, Statistical Tests, Cronbachs Alpha, Pearson Correlation.
Abstract
Background: T2DM is a condition that should not be eliminated but can be self-managed to maintain the glucose levels in the blood stable and optimal to prevent complications (Choi et al., 2017). As evidenced, health education is one of the important factors that may help the patient about patient knowledge, attitude and management of diabetes. The objective of the current paper was to assess the impact of health education on health perception and knowledge, attitudes, and glycemic control in T2DM patients.
Objective: The purpose of the research was to determine how organized health education programs affect patient knowledge about diabetes, their attitude towards diabetes management and glycemic control.
Methods: Pre- post intervention was employed, in which 258 T2DM patients were outpatients. The respondents underwent the 4-week health education program, in terms of diet management, physical exercises, medication, and self-blood glucose monitoring. The data were represented in the structured questionnaires, which were completed before and after the intervention considering the levels of knowledge, attitudes, and the glycemic control also referred to as the HbA1c levels. To analyze the data, statistical tests included Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Cronbach alpha to measure the reliability, One-way ANOVA, Independent Samples t-test, Krushal-Wallis Test, Chi-Square test, Pearson and regression analysis.
Results: The researchers were able to create a good example in the increase in knowledge and attitude to the management of diabetes following health education. Requested attendance at health education was associated with better glycemic control as demonstrated by the substantial decreases in the levels of HbA1c. The results of independent Samples t-test and ANOVA were used to show that the difference in the knowledge between the males and females and older and younger individuals is significant and Chi-Square Test was used to show that there is a strong correlation between the attendance to the health education programs and the glycemic control. Regarding Pearson correlation analysis, the more people were well-informed the easier it was to control their glycemia. The regression analysis indicated that knowledge and glycemic control were positively correlated although it only outlined a small fraction of the variance in the glycemic outcomes.
Conclusions: Health education interventions have a significant impact on increasing the level of knowledge, attitudes, and glycemic control, among T2DM patients. The results affirm that age, gender, and age-specific health education on health literacy had a significant role. Despite the importance related to the knowledge in glycemic management, it must be combined with multifaceted model of medication adherence, lifestyle and psychosocial support that may be important in enabling an individual to manage diabetes.
References
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4. Al-Sahouri, A., Merrell, J., & Snelgrove, S. (2019). Barriers to good glycemic control levels and adherence to diabetes management plan in adults with Type-2 diabetes in Jordan: a literature review. Patient Preference and Adherence, 675-693.
5. Almousa, A. Y., Hakami, O. A., Qutob, R. A., Alghamdi, A. H., Alaryni, A. A., Alammari, Y. M., Al Harbi, K. M., Alyousef, M. A., Amlih, M. F., & Alghamdi, A. (2023). Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward diabetes mellitus and their association with socioeconomic status among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia. Cureus, 15(5).
6. Alotaibi, M. N., saeed Almutairi, A., Alkhayal, F. A., Alqahtani, S. M., nasser Alshehri, F., & Kofi, M. (2024). The impact of patient support and health education on diabetes management and glycemic control. Journal of Medicine and Life, 17(10), 908.
7. Alum, E. U. (2025). Optimizing patient education for sustainable self-management in type 2 diabetes. Discover Public Health, 22(1), 44.
8. Amirthalingam, S. D., Ganeson, M., Thuraisingham, C., Lee, V. K., Chan, C. W., Sulaiman, L. H., Ramasamy, S., Bujang, M. A., & Teng, C. L. (2025). Exploring the relationship between health knowledge, health literacy, self-care, self-efficacy, and glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. World Journal of Diabetes, 16(9), 105138.
9. Andriyanto, A., Rekawati, E., & Cahya Rahmadiyah, D. (2019). Increasing knowledge, attitudes, skills, and glucose control in type-2 diabetic patients through EMAS interventions.
10. Asmelash, D., Abdu, N., Tefera, S., Baynes, H. W., & Derbew, C. (2019). Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards glycemic control and its associated factors among diabetes mellitus patients. Journal of diabetes research, 2019(1), 2593684.
11. Babazadeh, T., Lotfi, Y., & Ranjbaran, S. (2023). Predictors of self-care behaviors and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in public health, 10, 1031655.
12. Badi, S., Suliman, S. Z., Almahdi, R., Aldomah, M. A., Elkheir, H. K., Ibrahim, M. I. M., & Ahmed, M. H. (2024). The impact of the clinical pharmacist-led diabetes education on the knowledge and attitude of individuals with type II diabetes mellitus: an interventional study. Pharmacy, 12(5), 151.
13. Bharali, R., & Chutia, H. (2025). Incorporation of diabetic education and dietary advice to type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and its outcome. International Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, 6, 1058-1060.
14. Bukhsh, A., Khan, T. M., Sarfraz Nawaz, M., Sajjad Ahmed, H., Chan, K. G., & Goh, B.-H. (2019). Association of diabetes knowledge with glycemic control and self-care practices among Pakistani people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity: targets and therapy, 1409-1417.
15. Chawla, S. P. S., Kaur, S., Bharti, A., Garg, R., Kaur, M., Soin, D., Ghosh, A., & Pal, R. (2019). Impact of health education on knowledge, attitude, practices and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 8(1), 261-268.
16. Chen, M., Liu, M., Pu, Y., Wu, J., Zhang, M., Tang, H., Kong, L., Guo, M., Zhu, K., & Xie, Y. (2024). The effect of health quotient and time management skills on self-management behavior and glycemic control among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in public health, 12, 1295531.
17. Chen, S., Qian, D., & Burström, B. (2021). Two-year impact of an educational intervention in primary care on blood glucose control and diabetes knowledge among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a study in rural China. Global Health Action, 14(1), 1893502.
18. Emami, Z., Kouhkan, A., Khajavi, A., & Khamseh, M. E. (2020). Knowledge of physicians regarding the management of type two diabetes in a primary care setting: the impact of online continuous medical education. BMC Medical Education, 20(1), 374.
19. Ferreira, P. L., Morais, C., Pimenta, R., Ribeiro, I., Amorim, I., Alves, S. M., & Santiago, L. (2024). Knowledge about type 2 diabetes: its impact for future management. Frontiers in public health, 12, 1328001.
20. Gautam, S. K., & Gupta, V. (2022). Impact of knowledge, attitude and practice on the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in developing countries: a review. Current diabetes reviews, 18(3), 61-65.
21. Hashim, S. A., Barakatun-Nisak, M. Y., Abu Saad, H., Ismail, S., Hamdy, O., & Mansour, A. A. (2020). Association of health literacy and nutritional status assessment with glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrients, 12(10), 3152.
22. Hildebrand, J. A., Billimek, J., Lee, J.-A., Sorkin, D. H., Olshansky, E. F., Clancy, S. L., & Evangelista, L. S. (2020). Effect of diabetes self-management education on glycemic control in Latino adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Patient education and counseling, 103(2), 266-275.
23. Hu, X., Zhang, Y., Lin, S., Guo, X., Yang, D., Cai, M., & Gao, L. (2021). Dietary knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among the family members of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its influence on the KAP of T2DM patients. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 205-213.
24. Hurst, C. P., Rakkapao, N., & Hay, K. (2020). Impact of diabetes self-management, diabetes management self-efficacy and diabetes knowledge on glycemic control in people with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): A multi-center study in Thailand. PLoS One, 15(12), e0244692.
25. Indrapriyatna, A. S., Yunir, E., Semiarty, R., & Yulia, D. (2025). FEBI (Focused Interaction-Based Education) Education Model with Application in Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. proceedinginternational, 5, 16-23.
26. Khafaie, M. A., Mobasheri, N., Kheirollahi, M., & Ghahremani, L. (2025). The PRECEDE model: an effective approach for promoting healthy lifestyles and improving glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Health Education, 125(2), 129-138.
27. Krishnakumar, S., Govindarajulu, Y., Vishwanath, U., Nagasubramanian, V. R., & Palani, T. (2020). Impact of patient education on KAP, medication adherence and therapeutic outcomes of metformin versus insulin therapy in patients with gestational diabetes: a hospital based pilot study in South India. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(5), 1379-1383.
28. Kumah, E., Abuosi, A. A., Ankomah, S. E., & Anaba, C. (2021). Self-management education program: the case of glycemic control of type 2 diabetes. Oman medical journal, 36(1), e225.
29. Lema, G. D., & Gebeyaw, E. D. (2025). Diabetes knowledge and glycemic control among type 2 diabetes patients at public hospitals in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. PLoS One, 20(1), e0317288.
30. Leong, C. M., Lee, T.-I., Chien, Y.-M., Kuo, L.-N., Kuo, Y.-F., & Chen, H.-Y. (2022). Social media–delivered patient education to enhance self-management and attitudes of patients with type 2 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic: randomized controlled trial. Journal of medical Internet research, 24(3), e31449.
31. Liu, B., Wu, X., Zou, X., Sun, F., & Yu, J. (2025). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Chronic Type 2 Diabetes Patients in China Toward Continuous Glucose Monitoring: An Online Questionnaire Survey. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 11-22.
32. Liu, Q., Ren, B., Yin, L., Lei, S., Liu, W., Zhu, X., & Feng, B. (2025). Effects of a family-doctor-led community intervention model on self-management and medication taking in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 25(1), 3440.
33. López, L. V., Torres, A. V. M., Bravo, P. G. M., & de la Peña, J. E. (2023). Inadequate diabetes knowledge is associated with poor glycemia control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Atencion primaria, 55(5), 102604.
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Sep 30, 2026
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Muhammad Shahroz Khan, Fatima Akram Khan, Maryam Niazi, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Attiqa Sharif Toor, Amaz Latif, & Kainat Asam. (2026). IMPACT OF HEALTH EDUCATION ON ATTITUDE, KNOWLEDGE, AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(11), 1749-1767. https://doi.org/10.53555/44318p89
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Author Biographies
Muhammad Shahroz Khan
Medical Officer, City Medical Complex, MianwaliFatima Akram Khan
Medical Officer, City Medical Complex, Mianwali.
Maryam Niazi
Fatima Jinnah Medical UniversityMuhammad Shahzeb Khan
House Officer of Medicine, PIMS, IslamabadAttiqa Sharif Toor
Medical Officer of Surgery, Surgeons Lounge, RawalpindiAmaz Latif
House Officer of Dermatology, PIMS Hospital, Islamabad
Kainat Asam
House Officer of Paediatrics, DHQ Kotli, AJK
How to Cite
Muhammad Shahroz Khan, Fatima Akram Khan, Maryam Niazi, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Attiqa Sharif Toor, Amaz Latif, & Kainat Asam. (2026). IMPACT OF HEALTH EDUCATION ON ATTITUDE, KNOWLEDGE, AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(11), 1749-1767. https://doi.org/10.53555/44318p89
