A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE, GLYCATED ALBUMIN, HBA1C, AND VITAMIN D LEVELS IN IMPAIRED GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Pre-diabetes, Glycated albumin, HbA1c, Fasting plasma glucose, Vitamin D.
Abstract
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Early detection of impaired glucose homeostasis, including pre-diabetes, is essential to prevent progression to overt diabetes. Glycated albumin (GA), HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and vitamin D are important biomarkers for assessing glycaemic status.
Aims: Aims study of glycated albumin & vitamin D levels as Biochemical markers for impaired glucose homeostasis & type 2 diabetes Mellitus.
Materials and methods: The present study was a Cross-sectional study. This Study was conducted from August 2022- October 2025 year. Department of biochemistry, Index Medical college Hospital & Research centre, Indore, M. P.
Result: In this study (n = 100), age and gender distributions were comparable across control, pre-diabetic, and diabetic groups. Vitamin D3 deficiency was prevalent, observed in 76.7% of controls, 62.5% of pre-diabetics, and 73.3% of diabetics. Glycated albumin levels increased progressively from controls (12.64 ± 1.18%) to pre-diabetics (19.51 ± 2.68%) and diabetics (20.54 ± 2.28%). Fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c also showed stepwise rises across groups, with strong positive correlations between glycated albumin and HbA1c in pre-diabetic (r = 0.858) and diabetic patients (r = 0.670), indicating GA reliably reflects glycaemic status in early and established hyperglycaemia.Conclusion: Assessment of GA, HbA1c, and vitamin D offers a comprehensive evaluation of glucose homeostasis. GA and HbA1c are reliable markers for monitoring glycemia, while vitamin D status may provide additional insight into metabolic regulation, aiding early detection and management of pre-diabetes and T2DM.
References
2. Xie J, Wang ZH, Zhang ZJ, Li YM, Shen C, Meng Y, Zhao WJ, Chen DQ, Sun LY, Wang YF. Adjusted glycated albumin is a novel indicator of glycemic control in patients with macroalbuminuria in diabetic kidney disease. Scientific Reports. 2025 Apr 21;15(1):13812.
3. Probosari E, Subagio HW, Rachmawati B, Muis SF, Tjandra KC, Adiningsih D, Winarni TI. The Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Fasting Plasma Glucose, Insulin Sensitivity, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2025 Jul 30;17(15):2489.
4. Enverga M, Isidro MJ, Ang-Golangco N. The association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus: a single-center retrospective study. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2022 Dec 9;38(1):13..
5. Alqahtani RM, Alsulami EF, Alqahtani RM, Alsulami EF. The association between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level and vitamin D level in diabetes mellitus patients: a cross-sectional study. Cureus. 2023 Oct 17;15(10).
6. Koga M, Kasayama S. Clinical impact of glycated albumin as another glycemic control marker. Endocrine journal. 2010;57(9):751-62.
7. Bennett WL, Maruthur NM, Singh S, Segal JB, Wilson LM, Chatterjee R, Marinopoulos SS, Puhan MA, Ranasinghe P, Block L, Nicholson WK. Comparative effectiveness and safety of medications for type 2 diabetes: an update including new drugs and 2-drug combinations. Annals of internal medicine. 2011 May 3;154(9):602-13.
8. Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, Bruns DE, Horvath AR, Kirkman MS, Lernmark A, Metzger BE, Nathan DM. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Clinical chemistry. 2011 Jun 1;57(6):e1-47.
9. Engelen L. The glycation pathway in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.(2012)
10. Wright LA, Hirsch IB. The challenge of the use of glycemic biomarkers in diabetes: reflecting on hemoglobin A1C, 1, 5-anhydroglucitol, and the glycated proteins fructosamine and glycated albumin. Diabetes spectrum. 2012 Jul 1;25(3):141.
11. Elseweidy MM, Elswefy SE, Younis NN, Zaghloul MS. Pyridoxamine, an inhibitor of protein glycation, in relation to microalbuminuria and proinflammatory cytokines in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2013 Aug;238(8):881-8.
12. Raghav A, Ahmad J. Glycated serum albumin: a potential disease marker and an intermediate index of diabetes control. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2014 Oct 1;8(4):245-51.
13. Madar AA, Knutsen KV, Stene LC, Brekke M, Meyer HE, Lagerløv P. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fructosamine, serum lipids, and body mass index: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial among healthy immigrants living in Norway. BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care. 2014 Oct 1;2(1):e000026.
14. Williams ME, Garg R. Glycemic management in ESRD and earlier stages of CKD. American journal of kidney diseases. 2014 Feb 1;63(2):S22-38.
15. Speeckaert M, Van Biesen W, Delanghe J, Slingerland R, Wiecek A, Heaf J, Drechsler C, Lacatus R, Vanholder R, Nistor I, Bilo H. Are there better alternatives than haemoglobin A1c to estimate glycaemic control in the chronic kidney disease population?. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2014 Dec 1;29(12):2167-77.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Debij Kumar Mehta
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, Index Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Indore, (M.P.), India (Malwanchal University) Email- [email protected]
Dr Savita Rathore
Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Mahaveer Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (MIMS) Bhopal (M.P.), India. [email protected]
Shipra Mathur
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, Index Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Indore, (M.P) India. (Malwanchal University)Email-[email protected]
