EVALUATION OF FASTING GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSAMINE, HBA1C, AND VITAMIN D IN IMPAIRED GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
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Keywords
Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Prediabetic; Fasting plasma glucose; Fructosamine; HbA1c; Vitamin D
Abstract
Introduction: Impaired glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represent a growing public health burden. While fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c are routinely used for diagnosis and monitoring, alternative markers such as fructosamine provide information on short-term glycaemic control. Vitamin D deficiency has also been implicated in glucose dysregulation and insulin resistance.
Aims: To evaluate fasting plasma glucose, fructosamine, HbA1c, and serum vitamin D levels in controls, pre-diabetic patients, and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Materials and methods: The present study was a Cross-sectional study. This Study was conducted in August 2022– October 2025 duration. Department of Index Medical college Hospital & Research centre, Indore, M. P. The study population included 100 participants in each group (control, pre-diabetic, and diabetic).
Result: In this study, age and gender distribution were comparable across groups (p = 0.996 and 0.911). Vitamin D₃ deficiency was highly prevalent but did not differ significantly among the groups (controls 77.0%, pre-diabetic 63.0%, diabetics 73.0%; p = 0.394). Fructosamine, fasting plasma glucose, and HbA1c levels increased significantly from controls (229.60 ± 12.98 µmol/L, 86.63 ± 9.71 mg/dL, 4.60 ± 0.33%) to pre-diabetic and diabetic participants (p < 0.0001). Serum vitamin D₃ levels showed a significant negative correlation with HbA1c in pre-diabetic (r = −0.337, p = 0.034) and diabetic patients (r = −0.589, p = 0.001), indicating an association between lower vitamin D₃ status and poorer glycaemic control.
Conclusion: Fructosamine is a useful adjunct marker for assessing intermediate-term glycaemic control, especially in pre-diabetes and T2DM. The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency highlights the need for routine assessment and possible correction to improve glycaemic outcomes.
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Dr. Savita Rathode
Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Mahaveer Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (MIMS) Bhopal (M.P.), India. [email protected]
Debij Kumar Mehta
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, Index Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Indore, (M.P.), India (Malwanchal University) Email- [email protected]
Shipra Mathur
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, Index Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Indore, (M.P)India. (Malwanchal University) Email-[email protected]
