PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
Main Article Content
Keywords
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Physiological alterations, Anemia, Electrolyte imbalance, Hypertension.
Abstract
Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive disorder characterized by persistent structural or functional renal impairment, leading to significant metabolic and physiological derangements. Early recognition of associated physiological changes is vital to mitigate morbidity and mortality in affected population.
Aims: The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the physiological changes in patients with chronic kidney disease, with particular focus on hematological status, electrolyte balance, vitamin D levels, heart rate, and prevalence of hypertension.
Methodology: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 532 patients diagnosed with CKD, confirmed by serum creatinine >2.5 mg/dL and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m² for more than 3 months. Data were obtained from Medicine and Nephrology departments of a public sector tertiary care; Jinnah hospital, Lahore between Aug 2023 till Aug 2024. Demographic characteristics and physiological parameters were recorded. Hemoglobin, electrolyte profile, and serum vitamin D levels were quantified using standardized laboratory protocols. Physiological parameters heart rate and hypertension were extracted from clinical records. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, independent t- tests, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression to determine associations and predictors of abnormal physiological parameters.
Results & Findings: The mean patient age was 54.6 ± 13.2 years, with a male predominance (58.1%). Anemia (Hb <12 g/dL) was prevalent in 72.6% of participants. Electrolyte disturbances particularly hyperkalemia (36.7%) and hyponatremia (28.4%) were frequent. Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was observed in 64.5% of cases. Hypertension affected 81.2% of the cohort. Multivariate regression identified anemia and vitamin D deficiency as significant predictors of hypertension (p<0.05).
Conclusion: CKD patients exhibit elevated incidence of anemia, electrolyte imbalance, and vitamin D deficiency, with hypertension as a common comorbidity. Targeted screening and timely correction of these physiological derangements are essential to optimize clinical outcomes and reduce progression- related complications.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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Misbah Majeed
Demonstrator, Department of Physiology UCMD, University of Lahore, Pakistan.
Mudassar Majeed
Medical officer, Madina Hospital Kasur, Pakistan.
Tayyeba Majeed
Demonstrator, Department of Physiology, Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore, Pakistan.