BREAST CANCER IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: PREVALENCE, CAUSES, TREATMENT, GUIDELINES, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Southeast Asia, with increasing incidence and mortality rates over the years. As of 2021, the region reported over 250,000 new cases annually, with mortality exceeding 100,000 deaths per year. Countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Vietnam have recorded rising breast cancer cases due to lifestyle changes, genetic predisposition, and late-stage diagnoses. The major risk factors include age, family history, obesity, hormonal imbalances, alcohol consumption, and environmental exposures. While advancements in early detection, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted treatments have improved survival rates in developed nations, disparities in access to healthcare in Southeast Asia remain a challenge.

The World Health Organization (WHO), regional health ministries, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have introduced national cancer control programs focusing on early detection, mammographic screening, and public awareness campaigns. However, late-stage diagnoses account for over 50% of cases, leading to poorer prognoses. The mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) remains significantly higher in Southeast Asia than in Western countries, emphasizing the need for improved healthcare infrastructure and screening accessibility. Future strategies must focus on enhancing public health initiatives, increasing research funding, and ensuring equitable access to advanced treatment options to curb the increasing burden of breast cancer in the region.