OVER THE COUNTER ABUSE OF ANALGESICS- A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Main Article Content
Keywords
OTC analgesics, misuse, risk factors, regulation, public health, intervention strategies, healthcare professionals
Abstract
This research explores the misuse of over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics, which has become a growing concern due to the easy availability of these medications and a general lack of public awareness regarding their risks. The study highlights the primary risk factors for misuse, including peer pressure, curiosity, and pre-existing mental health or substance use issues. The health implications of OTC analgesic misuse can be severe, ranging from dependence and toxicity to potential overdose. Furthermore, the paper examines the role of pharmacists and healthcare providers in screening for misuse and implementing effective intervention strategies. Regulatory measures, such as limiting OTC analgesic sales and introducing prescription requirements for certain drugs, could help reduce misuse. Public education campaigns are also essential for raising awareness about the dangers of these medications. By providing insight into both the challenges and solutions, this research emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to addressing OTC analgesic misuse. Future strategies should include stricter regulation, better educational outreach, and greater involvement from healthcare professionals to prevent misuse and promote responsible medication use.
References
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30. Mattoo S. K., Basu D., Sharma A., Balaji M., Malhotra A. Abuse of codeine-containing cough syrups: A report from India. Addiction. 1997;92(12):1783–1787. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
31. McBride A. J., Pates R., Ramadan R., McGowan C. Delphi survey of experts’ opinions on strategies used by community pharmacists to reduce over-the-counter drug misuse. Addiction. 2003;98(4):487–497. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00345.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
32. McIntosh J., Mckeganey N. Addicts’ narratives of recovery from drug use: Constructing a non-addict identity. Social Science & Medicine. 2000;50(10):1501–1510. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00409-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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34. Myers B., Siegfried N., Parry C. D. H. Over-the-counter and prescription medicine misuse in Cape Town – Findings from specialist treatment centres. South African Medical Journal. 2003;93(5):367–370. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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36. Nielsen S., Cameron J., Pahoki S. Over the counter codeine dependence final report 2010. Fitzroy, VIC: Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre; 2010. [Google Scholar]
37. O’Brien C. P., Volkow N., Li T. K. What’s in a word? Addiction versus dependence in DSM-V. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;163(5):764–765. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.5.764. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38. Orriols L., Gaillard J., Lapeyre-Mestre M., Roussin A. Evaluation of abuse and dependence on drugs used for self-medication: A pharmacoepidemiological pilot study based on community pharmacies in France. Drug Safety. 2009;32(10):859–873. doi: 10.2165/11316590-000000000-00000. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
39. Pates R., McBride A. J., Li S., Ramadan R. Misuse of over-the-counter medicines: A survey of community pharmacies in the South Wales health authority. Pharmaceutical Journal. 2002;268(7184):179–182. [Google Scholar]
40. Paxton R., Chapple P. Misuse of over-the-counter medicines: A survey in one English county. Pharmaceutical Journal. 1996;256(6881):313–315. [Google Scholar]
41. Peters Jr., R., Yacoubian Jr., G. S., Rhodes W., Forsythe K. J., Bowers K. S., Eulian V. M., Mangum C. A., O’Neal J. D., Martin Q., Essien E. J. Beliefs and social norms about codeine and promethazine hydrochloride cough syrup (CPHCS) use and addiction among multi-ethnic college students. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2007;39(3):277–282. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2007.10400614. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
42. Phelan M., Akram G. A community pharmacy-based survey of users of over-the-counter sleep aids. Pharmaceutical Journal. 2002;269(7213):287–290. [Google Scholar]
43. Raynor D., Blenkinsopp A., Knapp P., Grime J., Nicolson D., Pollock K., Dorer G., Gilbody S., Dickinson D., Maule A. J., Spoor P. A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative research on the role and effectiveness of written information available to patients about individual medicines. Health Technology Assessment. 2007;11(5):1–160. doi: 10.3310/hta11050. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
44. Reay G. An inquiry into physical dependence and addiction to prescription and over-the-counter medication. London: All-Party Parliamentary Drugs Misuse Group; 2009. [Google Scholar]
45. Reed K., Bond A., Witton J., Cornish R., Hickman M., Strang J. The changing use of prescribed benzodiazepines and z-drugs, & of over-the-counter codeine-containing products in England: A structured review of published English & international evidence & available data to inform consideration of the extent of dependence. London: The National Addiction Centre, Kings College London; 2011. [Google Scholar]
46. Reith G. Consumption and its discontents: Addiction, identity and the problems of freedom. British Journal of Sociology. 2004;55(2):283–300. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00019.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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Published
Mar 27, 2025
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Gubbala Dharani, & Ilapakurthy Pavithra. (2025). OVER THE COUNTER ABUSE OF ANALGESICS- A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(2), 909-922. https://doi.org/10.53555/kwbggy61
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Author Biographies
Gubbala Dharani
Intern, Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation
Ilapakurthy Pavithra
Intern, Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation
How to Cite
Gubbala Dharani, & Ilapakurthy Pavithra. (2025). OVER THE COUNTER ABUSE OF ANALGESICS- A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(2), 909-922. https://doi.org/10.53555/kwbggy61