METABOLIC AND HORMONAL PATHWAYS CONNECTING POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE (PCOD) TO ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
Main Article Content
Keywords
Polycystic ovarian disease, Anovulation, Insulin resistance, Endometrial Cancer, Obesity
Abstract
The relationship between polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) and endometrial cancer has become a critical area of research due to the hormonal and metabolic disturbances associated with PCOD. Women with PCOD are at an increased risk of developing endometrial cancer, largely attributed to prolonged anovulation, resulting in unopposed estrogen exposure without the counterbalancing effects of progesterone. This hormonal imbalance leads to continuous endometrial proliferation, which heightens the risk of hyperplasia and subsequent cancer development. Additionally, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, common in PCOD, further exacerbate the risk by promoting mitogenic and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways in the endometrial tissue. Obesity, often associated with PCOD, adds another layer of complexity by increasing peripheral estrogen production, thereby compounding the risk. Understanding the shared pathways between PCOD and endometrial cancer highlights the need for early detection, preventive strategies, and personalized therapeutic approaches to mitigate the heightened cancer risk in women with PCOD.
References
1. Fauser, B. C., Tarlatzis, B. C., Rebar, R. W. (2012). Consensus on women's health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOD): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-sponsored 3rd PCOD consensus workshop group. Fertility and Sterility, 97(1), 28-38.
2. Gallos, I. D., Coomarasamy, A. (2018). Polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of endometrial cancer. Clinical Endocrinology, 89(5), 531-540.
3. Barry, J. A., Azizia, M. M., Hardiman, P. J. (2014). Risk of endometrial cancer in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update, 20(5), 748-758.
4. Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Dunaif, A. (2012). Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications. Endocrine Reviews, 33(6), 981-1030.
5. Ehrmann, D. A. (2005). Polycystic ovary syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(12), 1223-1236.
6. Macmahon B. Risk factors for endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1974;2(2–3):122–9.
7. Haoula Z, Salman M, Atiomo W. Evaluating the association between endometrial cancer and polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2012;27(5):1327–31.
8. Hardiman P, Pillay OC, Atiomo W. Polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial carcinoma. Lancet 2003;361(9371):1810–2.
9. Lupulescu A. Estrogen use and cancer risk: a review. Exp Clin Endocrinol 1993;101: 204–14.
10. Park, I.S. Kim SI, Han Y, J Yoo Y, Seol A, Jo , J Le HA e Wang W, Han K, Song YS Risk of female-specific cancers according to obesity and menopausal status in 2.7 million Korean women: similar trends between Korean and Western women. Lancet Reg. Health West Pac .(2021) 11, 100146
11. Yin W, Falconer H, Yin L, Xu L, Ye W. Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and cancer risk. JAMA Oncol.(2019) 5, 106–107
12. Taylor AE, Ware MA, Breslow E, Pyle L (2021) 11-oxyandrogen concentrations in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOD). (2021) J. Endocr. Soc. 6, bvac037
13. Miller, W.L. and Auchus, R.J. (2011) The molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis and its disorders. Endocr. Rev. 32, 81–151
14. Stein IF, Leventhal ML, 1935, Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 29(2): 181–191
15. Speert H, 1949, Carcinoma of the endometrium in young women. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 88(3): 332–336.
16. Harris HR, Terry KL, 2016, Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk of endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer: A systematic review. Fertil Res Pract, 2(1): 1–9.
17. Cirillo, P. M., Wang, E. T., Cedars, M. I., Chen, L. M., & Cohn, B. A. (2016). Irregular menses predicts ovarian cancer: Prospective evidence from the Child Health and Development Studies. International journal of cancer, 139(5), 1009-1017.
18. Chang, C., Lee, S.O., Wang, R.S., Yeh, S. and Chang, T.M. (2013a). Androgen receptor (AR) physiological roles in male and female reproductive systems: lessons learned from AR-knockout mice lacking AR in selective cells. Biol Reprod 89(1): 1–16.
19. Chang, J. H., Au, H. K., Lee, W. C., Chi, C. C., Ling, T. Y., Wang, L. M., ... & Tzeng, C. R. (2013). Expression of the pluripotent transcription factor OCT4 promotes cell migration in endometriosis. Fertility and sterility, 99(5), 1332-1339
20. Sengupta P, Bandyopadhyay K, Bhattacharjee A, Mitra D R, Koley S, Bhuvaneswari M (2024) Evaluating The Role Of Low Carbohydrate Diets In Polycystic Ovarian Disease Management. African.Journal of Biological .Sciences. 6(14),5374-5378.
21. Sengupta P., Bandyopadhyay K, Mistry P, Mitra D R (2024). A Review on Adolescent Obesity and PCOD: Causes, Symptoms and Remedial Measures. Acta Scientific Nutritional Health. 8(10) 69-73.
22. Zhang,LLiu,W.,Hao,Q.,Bao,L,Wang,K.(2012). Folate intake and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms as predictive and prognostic biomarkers for ovarian cancer risk. Int J Mol Sci 13(4): 4009–4020.
23. Ruj M, Biswas S, Mitra D. R. (2023). Phytosterol (ps) Enriched Nutella Spread From Yam Bean Milk -A Review. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 44(S6), 1986–1991.
24. Ash S, Saha P, Mitra D. R. (2023). Comparitive Nutritional Analysis Of Sweet Yam Bean (Jicama) Milk With Soya Milk -- A Review. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 44(S5), 2617–2623.https://doi.org/10.53555/jaz.v44iS5.3293
25. Sen S, Saha D , Mitra D. R. (2023). Exploring the Scientific Benefits of Phytesterol Enriched Soya-butter- A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 44(S6), 1992–1998. https://doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44iS6.2684
2. Gallos, I. D., Coomarasamy, A. (2018). Polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of endometrial cancer. Clinical Endocrinology, 89(5), 531-540.
3. Barry, J. A., Azizia, M. M., Hardiman, P. J. (2014). Risk of endometrial cancer in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update, 20(5), 748-758.
4. Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Dunaif, A. (2012). Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications. Endocrine Reviews, 33(6), 981-1030.
5. Ehrmann, D. A. (2005). Polycystic ovary syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(12), 1223-1236.
6. Macmahon B. Risk factors for endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1974;2(2–3):122–9.
7. Haoula Z, Salman M, Atiomo W. Evaluating the association between endometrial cancer and polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2012;27(5):1327–31.
8. Hardiman P, Pillay OC, Atiomo W. Polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial carcinoma. Lancet 2003;361(9371):1810–2.
9. Lupulescu A. Estrogen use and cancer risk: a review. Exp Clin Endocrinol 1993;101: 204–14.
10. Park, I.S. Kim SI, Han Y, J Yoo Y, Seol A, Jo , J Le HA e Wang W, Han K, Song YS Risk of female-specific cancers according to obesity and menopausal status in 2.7 million Korean women: similar trends between Korean and Western women. Lancet Reg. Health West Pac .(2021) 11, 100146
11. Yin W, Falconer H, Yin L, Xu L, Ye W. Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and cancer risk. JAMA Oncol.(2019) 5, 106–107
12. Taylor AE, Ware MA, Breslow E, Pyle L (2021) 11-oxyandrogen concentrations in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOD). (2021) J. Endocr. Soc. 6, bvac037
13. Miller, W.L. and Auchus, R.J. (2011) The molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis and its disorders. Endocr. Rev. 32, 81–151
14. Stein IF, Leventhal ML, 1935, Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 29(2): 181–191
15. Speert H, 1949, Carcinoma of the endometrium in young women. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 88(3): 332–336.
16. Harris HR, Terry KL, 2016, Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk of endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer: A systematic review. Fertil Res Pract, 2(1): 1–9.
17. Cirillo, P. M., Wang, E. T., Cedars, M. I., Chen, L. M., & Cohn, B. A. (2016). Irregular menses predicts ovarian cancer: Prospective evidence from the Child Health and Development Studies. International journal of cancer, 139(5), 1009-1017.
18. Chang, C., Lee, S.O., Wang, R.S., Yeh, S. and Chang, T.M. (2013a). Androgen receptor (AR) physiological roles in male and female reproductive systems: lessons learned from AR-knockout mice lacking AR in selective cells. Biol Reprod 89(1): 1–16.
19. Chang, J. H., Au, H. K., Lee, W. C., Chi, C. C., Ling, T. Y., Wang, L. M., ... & Tzeng, C. R. (2013). Expression of the pluripotent transcription factor OCT4 promotes cell migration in endometriosis. Fertility and sterility, 99(5), 1332-1339
20. Sengupta P, Bandyopadhyay K, Bhattacharjee A, Mitra D R, Koley S, Bhuvaneswari M (2024) Evaluating The Role Of Low Carbohydrate Diets In Polycystic Ovarian Disease Management. African.Journal of Biological .Sciences. 6(14),5374-5378.
21. Sengupta P., Bandyopadhyay K, Mistry P, Mitra D R (2024). A Review on Adolescent Obesity and PCOD: Causes, Symptoms and Remedial Measures. Acta Scientific Nutritional Health. 8(10) 69-73.
22. Zhang,LLiu,W.,Hao,Q.,Bao,L,Wang,K.(2012). Folate intake and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms as predictive and prognostic biomarkers for ovarian cancer risk. Int J Mol Sci 13(4): 4009–4020.
23. Ruj M, Biswas S, Mitra D. R. (2023). Phytosterol (ps) Enriched Nutella Spread From Yam Bean Milk -A Review. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 44(S6), 1986–1991.
24. Ash S, Saha P, Mitra D. R. (2023). Comparitive Nutritional Analysis Of Sweet Yam Bean (Jicama) Milk With Soya Milk -- A Review. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 44(S5), 2617–2623.https://doi.org/10.53555/jaz.v44iS5.3293
25. Sen S, Saha D , Mitra D. R. (2023). Exploring the Scientific Benefits of Phytesterol Enriched Soya-butter- A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 44(S6), 1992–1998. https://doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44iS6.2684
Article Sidebar
Published
Jul 10, 2024
Article Details
How to Cite
Prantika Sengupta, Kakali Bandhopadhay, & Rupali Dhara Mitra. (2024). METABOLIC AND HORMONAL PATHWAYS CONNECTING POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE (PCOD) TO ENDOMETRIAL CANCER. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(7), 1989-1996. https://doi.org/10.53555/mg229111
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Prantika Sengupta
Ph.D Scholar, Department of Food and Nutrition, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, W.B., India.
Kakali Bandhopadhay
Professor, Department of Food Technology, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, W.B., India.
Rupali Dhara Mitra
Assistant Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, W.B., India
How to Cite
Prantika Sengupta, Kakali Bandhopadhay, & Rupali Dhara Mitra. (2024). METABOLIC AND HORMONAL PATHWAYS CONNECTING POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE (PCOD) TO ENDOMETRIAL CANCER. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(7), 1989-1996. https://doi.org/10.53555/mg229111