EMERGING THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION FOR CONTROLLING SARCOPENIA: AN UPDATED REVIEW
Main Article Content
Keywords
Sarcopenia, Muscle Atrophy, Pharmacological Interventions, Hormonal Therapy, Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs), Myostatin Inhibitors, Anabolic Agents.
Abstract
Sarcopenia, characterized by age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, poses significant health challenges, especially in aging populations. This updated review explores emerging therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating sarcopenia, focusing on recent advancements in pharmacological, nutritional, and exercise-based strategies. Novel approaches such as myostatin inhibitors, anabolic agents, and nutraceuticals, including protein supplements and omega-3 fatty acids, show promising results in enhancing muscle health. Additionally, resistance training remains a cornerstone in sarcopenia management, while innovations in combination therapies are gaining traction. The review highlights the importance of early detection, personalized treatment plans, and interdisciplinary efforts to address sarcopenia effectively, emphasizing the need for further clinical trials to validate the efficacy of these interventions.
References
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27. Paillard, T. (2018). Electrical stimulation-induced resistance training: an alternative way to maintain muscle strength and mass in aging. European Journal of Aging, 15(3), 193-201.
28. Pan, L., Xie, W., Fu, X., Lu, W., Jin, H., Lai, J., ... & Xiao, W. (2021). Inflammation and sarcopenia: a focus on circulating inflammatory cytokines. Experimental Gerontology, 154, 111544.
29. Park, S. J., Nam, C. H., Ahn, H. S., & Kim, T. (2024). The efficacy and safety of leucine-enriched essential amino acids in knee osteoarthritis patients: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine, 103(19), e38168.
30. Porter, C., Reidy, P. T., Bhattarai, N., Sidossis, L. S., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2015). Resistance exercise training alters mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 47(9), 1922.
31. Qazi, T. H., Duda, G. N., Ort, M. J., Perka, C., Geissler, S., & Winkler, T. (2019). Cell therapy to improve regeneration of skeletal muscle injuries. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 10(3), 501-516.
32. Res, P. T., Groen, B., Pennings, B., Beelen, M., Wallis, G. A., Gijsen, A. P., ... & van Loon, L. J. (2012). Protein ingestion before sleep improves postexercise overnight recovery. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 44(8), 1560-1569.
33. Rolland, Y., Onder, G., Morley, J. E., Gillette-Guyonet, S., van Kan, G. A., & Vellas, B. (2011). Current and future pharmacologic treatment of sarcopenia. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 27(3), 423-447.
34. Schumann, M., Feuerbacher, J. F., Sünkeler, M., Freitag, N., Rønnestad, B. R., Doma, K., & Lundberg, T. R. (2022). Compatibility of concurrent aerobic and strength training for skeletal muscle size and function: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 52(3), 601-612.
35. Sinclair, M., Grossmann, M., Hoermann, R., Angus, P. W., & Gow, P. J. (2016). Testosterone therapy increases muscle mass in men with cirrhosis and low testosterone: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of hepatology, 65(5), 906-913.
36. Skrzypczak, D., Skrzypczak-Zielińska, M., Ratajczak, A. E., Szymczak-Tomczak, A., Eder, P., Słomski, R., ... & Krela-Kaźmierczak, I. (2021). Myostatin and follistatin—new kids on the block in the diagnosis of sarcopenia in IBD and possible therapeutic implications. Biomedicines, 9(10), 1301.
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38. Tewari, S., Ramkrishna, K. S., & Dhiman, T. (2020). A review on nutraceutical: the combination of nutrition and pharmaceutical. J Nutraceuticals Food Sci, 3(4), 1899-1906.
39. Ticinesi, A., Lauretani, F., Tana, C., Nouvenne, A., Ridolo, E., & Meschi, T. (2019). Exercise and immune system as modulators of intestinal microbiome: implications for the gut-muscle axis hypothesis. Exercise immunology review, 25.
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41. Turunen, K., Aaltonen, L., Kumpumäki, J., Portegijs, E., Keikkala, S., Kinnunen, M. L., ... & Nikander, R. (2017). A tailored counseling and home-based rehabilitation program to increase physical activity and improve mobility among community-dwelling older people after hospitalization: protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 18, 1-10.
42. Turunen, K., Aaltonen, L., Kumpumäki, J., Portegijs, E., Keikkala, S., Kinnunen, M. L., ... & Nikander, R. (2017). A tailored counseling and home-based rehabilitation program to increase physical activity and improve mobility among community-dwelling older people after hospitalization: protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 18, 1-10.
43. Wang, X., Wang, Z., & Tang, D. (2021). Aerobic exercise alleviates inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in mice with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 1369-1379.
44. Wetzlich, B., Nyakundi, B. B., & Yang, J. (2024). Therapeutic applications and challenges in myostatin inhibition for enhanced skeletal muscle mass and functions. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 1-19.
45. Wiedmer, P., Jung, T., Castro, J. P., Pomatto, L. C., Sun, P. Y., Davies, K. J., & Grune, T. (2021). Sarcopenia–Molecular mechanisms and open questions. Ageing research reviews, 65, 101200.
46. Xiao, Y. L., Gong, Y., Qi, Y. J., Shao, Z. M., & Jiang, Y. Z. (2024). Effects of dietary intervention on human diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 9(1), 59.
47. Yoshimura, Y., Wakabayashi, H., Yamada, M., Kim, H., Harada, A., & Arai, H. (2017). Interventions for treating sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 18(6), 553-e1.
48. Zhang, F., & Li, W. (2024). Vitamin D and sarcopenia in the senior people: a review of mechanisms and comprehensive prevention and treatment strategies. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 577-595.
49. Zhang, N., Zhai, L., Wong, R. M. Y., Cui, C., Law, S. W., Chow, S. K. H., ... & Cheung, W. H. (2024). Harnessing immunomodulation to combat sarcopenia: current insights and possible approaches. Immunity & Ageing, 21(1), 55.
50. Zhang, N., Zhai, L., Wong, R. M. Y., Cui, C., Law, S. W., Chow, S. K. H., ... & Cheung, W. H. (2024). Harnessing immunomodulation to combat sarcopenia: current insights and possible approaches. Immunity & Ageing, 21(1), 55.
51. Zuo, L., He, F., Sergakis, G. G., Koozehchian, M. S., Stimpfl, J. N., Rong, Y., ... & Best, T. M. (2014). Interrelated role of cigarette smoking, oxidative stress, and immune response in COPD and corresponding treatments. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 307(3), L205-L218.
2. Baig, M. H., Ahmad, K., Moon, J. S., Park, S. Y., Ho Lim, J., Chun, H. J., ... & Choi, I. (2022). Myostatin and its regulation: a comprehensive review of myostatin inhibiting strategies. Frontiers in physiology, 13, 876078.
3. Becker, B. E. (2022). Aquatic therapy: scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation applications. PM&R, 14(1), 45-58.
4. Billot, M., Calvani, R., Urtamo, A., Sánchez-Sánchez, J. L., Ciccolari-Micaldi, C., Chang, M., ... & Freiberger, E. (2020). Preserving mobility in older adults with physical frailty and sarcopenia: opportunities, challenges, and recommendations for physical activity interventions. Clinical interventions in aging, 1675-1690.
5. Billot, M., Calvani, R., Urtamo, A., Sánchez-Sánchez, J. L., Ciccolari-Micaldi, C., Chang, M., ... & Freiberger, E. (2020). Preserving mobility in older adults with physical frailty and sarcopenia: opportunities, challenges, and recommendations for physical activity interventions. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 1675-1690.
6. Boland, R. (1986). Role of vitamin D in skeletal muscle function. Endocrine reviews, 7(4), 434-448.
7. Brill, K. T., Weltman, A. L., Gentili, A., Patrie, J. T., Fryburg, D. A., Hanks, J. B., ... & Veldhuis, J. D. (2002). Single and combined effects of growth hormone and testosterone administration on measures of body composition, physical performance, mood, sexual function, bone turnover, and muscle gene expression in healthy older men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87(12), 5649-5657.
8. Cacciatore, S., Calvani, R., Esposito, I., Massaro, C., Gava, G., Picca, A., ... & Landi, F. (2024). Emerging targets and treatments for sarcopenia: a narrative review. Nutrients, 16(19), 3271.
9. Cacciatore, S., Calvani, R., Esposito, I., Massaro, C., Gava, G., Picca, A., ... & Landi, F. (2024). Emerging targets and treatments for sarcopenia: a narrative review. Nutrients, 16(19), 3271.
10. De Spiegeleer, A., Beckwée, D., Bautmans, I., & Petrovic, M. (2018). Pharmacological interventions to improve muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance in older people: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Drugs & aging, 35, 719-734.
11. Englund, D. A., Zhang, X., Aversa, Z., & LeBrasseur, N. K. (2021). Skeletal muscle aging, cellular senescence, and senotherapeutics: current knowledge and future directions. Mechanisms of ageing and development, 200, 111595.
12. Ilha, J., do Espírito-Santo, C. C., & de Freitas, G. R. (2018). mTOR signaling pathway and protein synthesis: from training to aging and muscle autophagy. Muscle Atrophy, 139-151.
13. Iversen, V. M., Mork, P. J., Vasseljen, O., Bergquist, R., & Fimland, M. S. (2017). Multiple-joint exercises using elastic resistance bands vs. conventional resistance-training equipment: A cross-over study. European journal of sport science, 17(8), 973-982.
14. Iversen, V. M., Mork, P. J., Vasseljen, O., Bergquist, R., & Fimland, M. S. (2017). Multiple-joint exercises using elastic resistance bands vs. conventional resistance-training equipment: A cross-over study. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(8), 973-982.
15. Jeromson, S., Gallagher, I. J., Galloway, S. D., & Hamilton, D. L. (2015). Omega-3 fatty acids and skeletal muscle health. Marine drugs, 13(11), 6977-7004.
16. Jiang, Y., Torun, T., Maffioletti, S. M., Serio, A., & Tedesco, F. S. (2022). Bioengineering human skeletal muscle models: Recent advances, current challenges and future perspectives. Experimental Cell Research, 416(2), 113133.
17. Joy, J. M., Lowery, R. P., de Souza, E. O., & Wilson, J. M. (2016). Elastic bands as a component of periodized resistance training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(8), 2100-2106.
18. Joy, J. M., Lowery, R. P., de Souza, E. O., & Wilson, J. M. (2016). Elastic bands as a component of periodized resistance training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(8), 2100-2106.
19. Kraemer, W. J., Ratamess, N. A., & Nindl, B. C. (2017). Recovery responses of testosterone, growth hormone, and IGF-1 after resistance exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(3), 549-558.
20. Krzymińska-Siemaszko, R., Czepulis, N., Lewandowicz, M., Zasadzka, E., Suwalska, A., Witowski, J., & Wieczorowska-Tobis, K. (2015). The effect of a 12-week omega-3 supplementation on body composition, muscle strength and physical performance in elderly individuals with decreased muscle mass. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(9), 10558-10574.
21. Larsson, L., Degens, H., Li, M., Salviati, L., Lee, Y. I., Thompson, W., ... & Sandri, M. (2019). Sarcopenia: aging-related loss of muscle mass and function. Physiological reviews, 99(1), 427-511.
22. Liao, C. D., Tsauo, J. Y., Lin, L. F., Huang, S. W., Ku, J. W., Chou, L. C., & Liou, T. H. (2021). Effects of elastic band exercise on lean mass and physical function in older adults with sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 102(5), 944-959.
23. Machek, S. B., Cardaci, T. D., Wilburn, D. T., & Willoughby, D. S. (2020). Considerations, possible contraindications, and potential mechanisms for deleterious effect in recreational and athletic use of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) in lieu of anabolic androgenic steroids: A narrative review. Steroids, 164, 108753.
24. Nowson, C., & O’Connell, S. (2015). Protein requirements and recommendations for older people: a review. Nutrients, 7(8), 6874-6899.
25. Padhan, S., & Mohapatra, A. (2023). Empowering Wellness: Unveiling the Key Role of Physiotherapy in Preventive and Promotive Health. Indian Journal of Preventive Medicine, 11(2).
26. Padhan, S., & Mohapatra, A. (2023). Empowering wellness: unveiling the key role of physiotherapy in preventive and promotive health. Indian Journal of Preventive Medicine, 11(2).
27. Paillard, T. (2018). Electrical stimulation-induced resistance training: an alternative way to maintain muscle strength and mass in aging. European Journal of Aging, 15(3), 193-201.
28. Pan, L., Xie, W., Fu, X., Lu, W., Jin, H., Lai, J., ... & Xiao, W. (2021). Inflammation and sarcopenia: a focus on circulating inflammatory cytokines. Experimental Gerontology, 154, 111544.
29. Park, S. J., Nam, C. H., Ahn, H. S., & Kim, T. (2024). The efficacy and safety of leucine-enriched essential amino acids in knee osteoarthritis patients: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine, 103(19), e38168.
30. Porter, C., Reidy, P. T., Bhattarai, N., Sidossis, L. S., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2015). Resistance exercise training alters mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 47(9), 1922.
31. Qazi, T. H., Duda, G. N., Ort, M. J., Perka, C., Geissler, S., & Winkler, T. (2019). Cell therapy to improve regeneration of skeletal muscle injuries. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 10(3), 501-516.
32. Res, P. T., Groen, B., Pennings, B., Beelen, M., Wallis, G. A., Gijsen, A. P., ... & van Loon, L. J. (2012). Protein ingestion before sleep improves postexercise overnight recovery. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 44(8), 1560-1569.
33. Rolland, Y., Onder, G., Morley, J. E., Gillette-Guyonet, S., van Kan, G. A., & Vellas, B. (2011). Current and future pharmacologic treatment of sarcopenia. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 27(3), 423-447.
34. Schumann, M., Feuerbacher, J. F., Sünkeler, M., Freitag, N., Rønnestad, B. R., Doma, K., & Lundberg, T. R. (2022). Compatibility of concurrent aerobic and strength training for skeletal muscle size and function: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 52(3), 601-612.
35. Sinclair, M., Grossmann, M., Hoermann, R., Angus, P. W., & Gow, P. J. (2016). Testosterone therapy increases muscle mass in men with cirrhosis and low testosterone: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of hepatology, 65(5), 906-913.
36. Skrzypczak, D., Skrzypczak-Zielińska, M., Ratajczak, A. E., Szymczak-Tomczak, A., Eder, P., Słomski, R., ... & Krela-Kaźmierczak, I. (2021). Myostatin and follistatin—new kids on the block in the diagnosis of sarcopenia in IBD and possible therapeutic implications. Biomedicines, 9(10), 1301.
37. Takarada, Y., Nakamura, Y., Aruga, S., Onda, T., Miyazaki, S., & Ishii, N. (2023). Rapid increase in plasma growth hormone after low-intensity resistance exercise with vascular occlusion. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88(1), 61-65.
38. Tewari, S., Ramkrishna, K. S., & Dhiman, T. (2020). A review on nutraceutical: the combination of nutrition and pharmaceutical. J Nutraceuticals Food Sci, 3(4), 1899-1906.
39. Ticinesi, A., Lauretani, F., Tana, C., Nouvenne, A., Ridolo, E., & Meschi, T. (2019). Exercise and immune system as modulators of intestinal microbiome: implications for the gut-muscle axis hypothesis. Exercise immunology review, 25.
40. Turimov Mustapoevich, D., & Kim, W. (2023, September). Machine learning applications in sarcopenia detection and management: A comprehensive survey. In Healthcare (Vol. 11, No. 18, p. 2483). MDPI.
41. Turunen, K., Aaltonen, L., Kumpumäki, J., Portegijs, E., Keikkala, S., Kinnunen, M. L., ... & Nikander, R. (2017). A tailored counseling and home-based rehabilitation program to increase physical activity and improve mobility among community-dwelling older people after hospitalization: protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 18, 1-10.
42. Turunen, K., Aaltonen, L., Kumpumäki, J., Portegijs, E., Keikkala, S., Kinnunen, M. L., ... & Nikander, R. (2017). A tailored counseling and home-based rehabilitation program to increase physical activity and improve mobility among community-dwelling older people after hospitalization: protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 18, 1-10.
43. Wang, X., Wang, Z., & Tang, D. (2021). Aerobic exercise alleviates inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in mice with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 1369-1379.
44. Wetzlich, B., Nyakundi, B. B., & Yang, J. (2024). Therapeutic applications and challenges in myostatin inhibition for enhanced skeletal muscle mass and functions. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 1-19.
45. Wiedmer, P., Jung, T., Castro, J. P., Pomatto, L. C., Sun, P. Y., Davies, K. J., & Grune, T. (2021). Sarcopenia–Molecular mechanisms and open questions. Ageing research reviews, 65, 101200.
46. Xiao, Y. L., Gong, Y., Qi, Y. J., Shao, Z. M., & Jiang, Y. Z. (2024). Effects of dietary intervention on human diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 9(1), 59.
47. Yoshimura, Y., Wakabayashi, H., Yamada, M., Kim, H., Harada, A., & Arai, H. (2017). Interventions for treating sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 18(6), 553-e1.
48. Zhang, F., & Li, W. (2024). Vitamin D and sarcopenia in the senior people: a review of mechanisms and comprehensive prevention and treatment strategies. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 577-595.
49. Zhang, N., Zhai, L., Wong, R. M. Y., Cui, C., Law, S. W., Chow, S. K. H., ... & Cheung, W. H. (2024). Harnessing immunomodulation to combat sarcopenia: current insights and possible approaches. Immunity & Ageing, 21(1), 55.
50. Zhang, N., Zhai, L., Wong, R. M. Y., Cui, C., Law, S. W., Chow, S. K. H., ... & Cheung, W. H. (2024). Harnessing immunomodulation to combat sarcopenia: current insights and possible approaches. Immunity & Ageing, 21(1), 55.
51. Zuo, L., He, F., Sergakis, G. G., Koozehchian, M. S., Stimpfl, J. N., Rong, Y., ... & Best, T. M. (2014). Interrelated role of cigarette smoking, oxidative stress, and immune response in COPD and corresponding treatments. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 307(3), L205-L218.
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Feb 20, 2025
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Mainak Sur, Meghana Dhanraj Bhalke Shewalkar, Aarti Gorakhnath kanchar, & Sheetal Chhaya. (2025). EMERGING THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION FOR CONTROLLING SARCOPENIA: AN UPDATED REVIEW. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(1), 1184-1193. https://doi.org/10.53555/dc31q371
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Author Biographies
Mainak Sur
Founder and Chief Physiotherapist, Thera-Cure Advanced Physiotherapy Clinic, Shyamnagar, North 24 Pgs, West Bengal, India
Meghana Dhanraj Bhalke Shewalkar
Consultant Nutritionist & Dietician, Meghna’s Nutrition Centre, Chh. Sambhajinagar Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.
Aarti Gorakhnath kanchar
Assistant Professor, Community medicine, Sayali Charitable Trust's College of Homoeopathy & Hospital, Deogiri Valley, Maharashtra, India.
Sheetal Chhaya
Professor and Head, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics,Parul Institute of Applied Sciences,Parul University, Vadodara.
How to Cite
Mainak Sur, Meghana Dhanraj Bhalke Shewalkar, Aarti Gorakhnath kanchar, & Sheetal Chhaya. (2025). EMERGING THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION FOR CONTROLLING SARCOPENIA: AN UPDATED REVIEW. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(1), 1184-1193. https://doi.org/10.53555/dc31q371