ASSESSMENT OF SERUM CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IN WOMEN WITH PRE-ECLAMPSIA AND NORMAL PREGNANCY: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY
Main Article Content
Keywords
Pre-eclampsia, serum calcium, serum magnesium, pregnancy, hypertensive disorders, case-control study
Abstract
Background:
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in serum levels of calcium and magnesium might play a role in the pathogenesis of PE. This study aimed to assess and compare the serum calcium and magnesium levels in women with pre-eclampsia and those with normal pregnancies, providing insight into their potential involvement in the pathophysiology of PE.
Objective:
To evaluate and compare the serum concentrations of calcium and magnesium in women diagnosed with pre-eclampsia versus those with normal pregnancies, and to explore their association with the development of pre-eclampsia.
Methods:
A case-control study was conducted at [Hospital Name], enrolling 100 pregnant women, 50 with a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia and 50 with normal pregnancies. The study included women between the ages of 18-40 years, at 24-38 weeks of gestation. Serum calcium and magnesium levels were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy, and data on demographic, clinical, and obstetric factors were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, with p-values < 0.05 considered significant.
Results:
The mean serum calcium level in the pre-eclampsia group was significantly lower than that in the control group (8.5 ± 0.9 mg/dL vs. 9.2 ± 0.8 mg/dL, p < 0.05). Similarly, the mean serum magnesium level was found to be significantly reduced in the pre-eclampsia group (1.8 ± 0.2 mg/dL vs. 2.2 ± 0.3 mg/dL, p < 0.01). A negative correlation was found between the serum levels of both calcium and magnesium and the severity of pre-eclampsia, as indicated by higher blood pressure and proteinuria. Additionally, low serum levels of calcium and magnesium were more commonly observed in women who developed severe forms of pre-eclampsia, including those requiring preterm delivery or other interventions.
Conclusion:
This study demonstrates a significant reduction in the serum levels of calcium and magnesium in women with pre-eclampsia compared to those with normal pregnancies. The findings suggest a potential role of calcium and magnesium imbalances in the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia, supporting the hypothesis that correcting these deficiencies could be a potential therapeutic avenue for the management of this condition. Further prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to establish causality and determine whether supplementation of these minerals could reduce the incidence and severity of pre-eclampsia.
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in serum levels of calcium and magnesium might play a role in the pathogenesis of PE. This study aimed to assess and compare the serum calcium and magnesium levels in women with pre-eclampsia and those with normal pregnancies, providing insight into their potential involvement in the pathophysiology of PE.
Objective:
To evaluate and compare the serum concentrations of calcium and magnesium in women diagnosed with pre-eclampsia versus those with normal pregnancies, and to explore their association with the development of pre-eclampsia.
Methods:
A case-control study was conducted at [Hospital Name], enrolling 100 pregnant women, 50 with a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia and 50 with normal pregnancies. The study included women between the ages of 18-40 years, at 24-38 weeks of gestation. Serum calcium and magnesium levels were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy, and data on demographic, clinical, and obstetric factors were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, with p-values < 0.05 considered significant.
Results:
The mean serum calcium level in the pre-eclampsia group was significantly lower than that in the control group (8.5 ± 0.9 mg/dL vs. 9.2 ± 0.8 mg/dL, p < 0.05). Similarly, the mean serum magnesium level was found to be significantly reduced in the pre-eclampsia group (1.8 ± 0.2 mg/dL vs. 2.2 ± 0.3 mg/dL, p < 0.01). A negative correlation was found between the serum levels of both calcium and magnesium and the severity of pre-eclampsia, as indicated by higher blood pressure and proteinuria. Additionally, low serum levels of calcium and magnesium were more commonly observed in women who developed severe forms of pre-eclampsia, including those requiring preterm delivery or other interventions.
Conclusion:
This study demonstrates a significant reduction in the serum levels of calcium and magnesium in women with pre-eclampsia compared to those with normal pregnancies. The findings suggest a potential role of calcium and magnesium imbalances in the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia, supporting the hypothesis that correcting these deficiencies could be a potential therapeutic avenue for the management of this condition. Further prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to establish causality and determine whether supplementation of these minerals could reduce the incidence and severity of pre-eclampsia.
References
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11. Sukonpan K, Phupong V. Serum calcium and serum magnesium in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2005;273:12–6. doi: 10.1007/s00404-004-0672-4.
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13. Punthumapol C, Kittichotpanich B. Serum Calcium, Magnesium and Uric Acid in Pre-eclampsia and Normal Pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91(7):968–72.
14. Akhtar S, Begum S, Ferdousi S. Calcium and Zinc Deficiency in Pre-eclamptic Women. J Bangldesh Soc Physiol. 2011;6(2):94–9.
15. American College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (ACOG) Practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;99:159–67. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01747-1.
16. Pipkin FB. Risk Factors for Pre-eclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:925–6. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200103223441209.
2. Kumru S, Aydin S, Simsek M, Sahin K, Yaman M, Ay G. Comparison of Serum Copper, Zinc, Calcium and Magnesium Levels in Pre-eclamptic and Healthy Pregnant Women. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2003;94:105–12. doi: 10.1385/BTER:94:2:105.
3. Bringman J, Gibbs C, Ahokas R. Differences in serum calcium and magnesium between gravidas with severe pre-eclampsia and normotensive controls. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:148.
4. Jain S, Sharma P, Kulshreshtha S, Mohan G, Singh S. The Role of Calcium, Magnesium and Zinc in Pre-eclampsia. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010;133:162–70. doi: 10.1007/s12011-009-8423-9.
5. Akhtar S, Begum S, Ferdousi S. Calcium and Zinc Deficiency in Pre-eclamptic Women. J Bangldesh Soc Physiol. 2011;6(2):94–9.
6. Roberts JM, Balk JL, Bodnar LM, Belizan JM, Bergel E, Martinez A. Nutrient Involvement in Pre-eclampsia. J Nutr. 2003;133:1684–92. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.5.1684S.
7. Hofmeyr GJ, Duley L, Atallah A. Dietary calcium supplementation for prevention of pre-eclampsia and related problems: a systematic review and commentary. BJOG. 2007;114:933–43. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01389.x.
8. Sarsam DS, Shamden M, Al Wazan R. Expectant versus aggressive management in severe pre-eclampsia remote from term. Sing Med J. 2008;49:698.
9. Lamminpaa R, Vehvilainen JK, Gissler M, Heinonen S. Pre-eclampsia complicated by advanced maternal age: a registry-based study on primiparous women in Finland 1997-2008. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012;11(12):47. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-12-47.
10. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Gilstrap LC III, Wenstrom KD. Williams Obstetrics. 22nd ed. New York: McGraw – Hill; pp. 761–808.
11. Sukonpan K, Phupong V. Serum calcium and serum magnesium in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2005;273:12–6. doi: 10.1007/s00404-004-0672-4.
12. Cetin I, Berti C, Calabrese S. Role of micronutrients in the periconceptional period. Human Reprod Update. 2010;16(1):80–95. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmp025.
13. Punthumapol C, Kittichotpanich B. Serum Calcium, Magnesium and Uric Acid in Pre-eclampsia and Normal Pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91(7):968–72.
14. Akhtar S, Begum S, Ferdousi S. Calcium and Zinc Deficiency in Pre-eclamptic Women. J Bangldesh Soc Physiol. 2011;6(2):94–9.
15. American College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (ACOG) Practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;99:159–67. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01747-1.
16. Pipkin FB. Risk Factors for Pre-eclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:925–6. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200103223441209.
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Published
Feb 11, 2025
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How to Cite
Dr. Mohita Bhushan Chand, & Dr. Anita Singh. (2025). ASSESSMENT OF SERUM CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IN WOMEN WITH PRE-ECLAMPSIA AND NORMAL PREGNANCY: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(1), 698-702. https://doi.org/10.53555/tzf9pz44
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Author Biographies
Dr. Mohita Bhushan Chand
Assistant Professor, Dept. of OBG, Prasad Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow
Dr. Anita Singh
Assistant Professor, Dept. of OBG, Prasad Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow
How to Cite
Dr. Mohita Bhushan Chand, & Dr. Anita Singh. (2025). ASSESSMENT OF SERUM CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IN WOMEN WITH PRE-ECLAMPSIA AND NORMAL PREGNANCY: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(1), 698-702. https://doi.org/10.53555/tzf9pz44