INCIDENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL DISEASES
Main Article Content
Keywords
Incidence of infectious diseases, Renal compromised state, Renal disease
Abstract
Infection is an invasion of an organism’s body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce. Patients with renal compromised states are more susceptible to infection than normal individuals. In the pre-dialysis era, about 45% of patients with the renal compromised state suffering from infection required hospitalization, while a total of about 78% of the enrolled subjects needed hospitalization. It was assumed that the debility caused by the uremic state increased the risk of infection, and the reversal of uremia would reduce the risk of infection. Infections are a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. A better understanding of the interplay between infectious processes and ESRD may eventually lead to the development of targeted treatment strategies aimed at lowering overall disease morbidity and mortality. Monogenic causes are a major contributor to the development of adult chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent studies identified a genetic cause in 10% to 20% of adults with CKD. With the introduction of whole-exome sequencing (WES) into clinical mainstay, this proportion is expected to increase in the future. Once patients develop CKD/ESRD due to a genetic cause, secondary changes, such as a compromised immune status, affect overall disease progression and clinical outcomes. Stratification according to genotype may enable us to study its effects on secondary disease outcomes, such as infectious risk. Moreover, this knowledge will enable us to better understand the molecular interplay between primary disease and secondary disease outcomes.The main aim of the study is to report the incidence of infectious diseases in patients with renal compromised state and appropriate measures to be considered to control infectious conditions.
References
1. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298(17):2038-2047. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
2. Neild GH. Life expectancy with chronic kidney disease: an educational review. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017;32(2):243-248. Crossref. PubMed.
3. Saran R, Robinson B, Abbott KC, et al. US Renal Data System 2017 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;71(3)(Suppl 1):A7. Crossref.
4. Sarnak MJ, Jaber BL. Mortality caused by sepsis in patients with end-stage renal disease compared with the general population. Kidney Int. 2000;58(4):1758-1764. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
5. Pirson Y, Kanaan N. [Infectious complications in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]. Nephrol Ther. 2015;11(2):73-77. Crossref. PubMed.
6. Chonchol M. Neutrophil dysfunction and infection risk in end-stage renal disease. Semin Dial. 2006;19(4):291-296. Crossref. PubMed.
7. Betjes MG, Litjens NH. Chronic kidney disease and premature ageing of the adaptive immune response. Curr Urol Rep. 2015;16(1):471. Crossref. PubMed.
8. Gallagher AR, Germino GG, Somlo S. Molecular advances in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2010;17(2):118-130. Crossref. PubMed.
9. Torres VE, Harris PC. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: the last 3 years. Kidney Int. 2009;76(2):149-168. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
10. Torres VE, Harris PC, Pirson Y. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Lancet. 2007;369(9569):1287-1301. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
11. Tandogdu Z, Wagenlehner FM. Global epidemiology of urinary tract infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016;29(1):73-79. Crossref. PubMed.
12. Sallee M, Rafat C, Zahar JR, et al. Cyst infections in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(7):1183-1189. Crossref. PubMed.
13. Sklar AH, Caruana RJ, Lammers JE, Strauser GD. Renal infections in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1987;10(2):81-88. Crossref. PubMed.
14. Lantinga MA, Casteleijn NF, Geudens A, et al. Management of renal cyst infection in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a systematic review. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32(1):144-150. PubMed.
15. Suwabe T, Araoka H, Ubara Y, et al. Cyst infection in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: causative microorganisms and susceptibility to lipid-soluble antibiotics. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34(7):1369-1379. Crossref. PubMed.
16. Christophe JL, van Ypersele de Strihou C, Pirson Y. Complications of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in 50 haemodialysed patients. A case-control study. The U.C.L. Collaborative Group. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996;11(7):1271-1276. Crossref. PubMed.
17. Cigarran S, Neches C, Lamas JM, Garcia-Trio G, Alonso M, Saavedra J. A case report of a pyogenic liver abscess caused by Fusobacterium nucleatum in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Ther Apher Dial. 2008;12(1):91-95. Crossref. PubMed.
18. Yang CC, Chuang FR, Wu CH, Chen JB, Lee CH, Lee CT. Refractory Salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis-related renal cyst infection in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis treated successfully with intracystic ciprofloxacin infusion. Med Princ Pract. 2012;21(6):576-578. Crossref. PubMed.
19. Litjens NH, Huisman M, van den Dorpel M, Betjes MG. Impaired immune responses and antigen-specific memory CD4+ T cells in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(8):1483-1490. Crossref. PubMed.
20. Vogtlander NP, Brown A, Valentijn RM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD. Impaired response rates, but satisfying protection rates to influenza vaccination in dialysis patients. Vaccine. 2004;22(17-18):2199-2201. Crossref. PubMed.
21. Cavdar C, Sayan M, Sifil A, et al. The comparison of antibody response to influenza vaccination in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis and renal transplantation patients. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2003;37(1):71-76. Crossref. PubMed.
22. Stewart JH, Vajdic CM, van Leeuwen MT, et al. The pattern of excess cancer in dialysis and transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(10):3225-3231. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
23. Galli F. Protein damage and inflammation in uraemia and dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(suppl 5):v20-v36. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
24. Sela S, Shurtz-Swirski R, Cohen-Mazor M, et al. Primed peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocyte: a culprit underlying chronic low-grade inflammation and systemic oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(8):2431-2438. Crossref. PubMed.
25. Ward RA, McLeish KR. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte oxidative burst is enhanced in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995;5(9):1697-1702. PubMed.
26. Shurtz-Swirski R, Kristal B, Shasha SM, Shapiro G, Geron R, Sela S. Interaction between erythropoietin and peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes in continuous ambulatory dialysis patients. Nephron. 2002;91(4):759-761. Crossref. PubMed.
27. Kim JK, Hong CW, Park MJ, Song YR, Kim HJ, Kim SG. Increased neutrophil extracellular trap formation in uremia is associated with chronic inflammation and prevalent coronary artery disease. J Immunol Res. 2017;2017:8415179. Crossref. PubMed.
28. Anding K, Gross P, Rost JM, Allgaier D, Jacobs E. The influence of uraemia and haemodialysis on neutrophil phagocytosis and antimicrobial killing. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18(10):2067-2073. Crossref. PubMed.
29. Cendoroglo M, Jaber BL, Balakrishnan VS, Perianayagam M, King AJ, Pereira BJ. Neutrophil apoptosis and dysfunction in uremia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10(1):93-100. PubMed.
30. Klein JB, McLeish KR, Ward RA. Transplantation, not dialysis, corrects azotemia-dependent priming of the neutrophil oxidative burst. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;33(3):483-491. Crossref. PubMed.
31. Vacher-Coponat H, Brunet C, Lyonnet L, et al. Natural killer cell alterations correlate with loss of renal function and dialysis duration in uraemic patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(4):1406-1414. Crossref. PubMed.
32. Eleftheriadis T, Kartsios C, Yiannaki E, et al. Chronic inflammation and CD16+ natural killer cell zeta-chain downregulation in hemodialysis patients. Blood Purif. 2008;26(4):317-321. Crossref. PubMed.
33. Peraldi MN, Berrou J, Metivier F, Toubert A. Natural killer cell dysfunction in uremia: the role of oxidative stress and the effects of dialysis. Blood Purif. 2013;35(suppl 2):14-19. Crossref. PubMed.
34. Womer KL, Peng R, Patton PR, et al. The effects of renal transplantation on peripheral blood dendritic cells. Clin Transplant. 2005;19(5):659-667. Crossref. PubMed.
35. Hesselink DA, Betjes MG, Verkade MA, Athanassopoulos P, Baan CC, Weimar W. The effects of chronic kidney disease and renal replacement therapy on circulating dendritic cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20(9):1868-1873. Crossref. PubMed.
36. Agrawal S, Gollapudi P, Elahimehr R, Pahl MV, Vaziri ND. Effects of end-stage renal disease and haemodialysis on dendritic cell subsets and basal and LPS-stimulated cytokine production. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(3):737-746. Crossref. PubMed.
37. Dopheide JF, Zeller GC, Kuhlmann M, Girndt M, Sester M, Sester U. Differentiation of monocyte derived dendritic cells in end stage renal disease is skewed towards accelerated maturation. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2015;24(2):257-266. Crossref. PubMed.
38. Rama I, Llaudo I, Fontova P, et al. Online haemodiafiltration improves inflammatory state in dialysis patients: a longitudinal study. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164969. Crossref. PubMed.
39. Lim WH, Kireta S, Leedham E, Russ GR, Coates PT. Uremia impairs monocyte and monocyte-derived dendritic cell function in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2007;72(9):1138-1148. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
40. Chen P, Sun Q, Huang Y, et al. Blood dendritic cell levels associated with impaired IL-12 production and T-cell deficiency in patients with kidney disease: implications for post-transplant viral infections. Transpl Int. 2014;27(10):1069-1076. Crossref. PubMed.
41. Choi HM, Woo YS, Kim MG, Jo SK, Cho WY, Kim HK. Altered monocyte-derived dendritic cell function in patients on hemodialysis: a culprit for underlying impaired immune responses. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011;15(4):546-553. Crossref. PubMed.
42. Lim WH, Kireta S, Russ GR, Coates PT. Uremia impairs blood dendritic cell function in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2007;71(11):1122-1131. Crossref. PubMed.
43. Lim WH, Kireta S, Thomson AW, Russ GR, Coates PT. Renal transplantation reverses functional deficiencies in circulating dendritic cell subsets in chronic renal failure patients. Transplantation. 2006;81(2):160-168. Crossref. PubMed.
44. Ruiz P, Gomez F, Schreiber AD. Impaired function of macrophage Fc gamma receptors in end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(11):717-722. Crossref. PubMed.
45. Litjens NH, van Druningen CJ, Betjes MG. Progressive loss of renal function is associated with activation and depletion of naive T lymphocytes. Clin Immunol. 2006;118(1):83-91. Crossref. PubMed.
46. Meier P, Dayer E, Ronco P, Blanc E. Dysregulation of IL-2/IL-2R system alters proliferation of early activated CD4+ T cell subset in patients with end-stage renal failure. Clin Nephrol. 2005;63(1):8-21. Crossref. PubMed.
47. Moser B, Roth G, Brunner M, et al. Aberrant T cell activation and heightened apoptotic turnover in end-stage renal failure patients: a comparative evaluation between non-dialysis, haemodialysis, and peritoneal dialysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;308(3):581-585. Crossref. PubMed.
48. Kurz P, Kohler H, Meuer S, Hutteroth T, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. Impaired cellular immune responses in chronic renal failure: evidence for a T cell defect. Kidney Int. 1986;29(6):1209-1214. Crossref. PubMed.
49. Quadracci LJ, Ringden O, Krzymanski M. The effect of uremia and transplantation on lymphocyte subpopulations. Kidney Int. 1976;10(2):179-184. Crossref. PubMed.
50. Raska KJr, Raskova J, Shea SM, et al. T cell subsets and cellular immunity in end-stage renal disease. Am J Med. 1983;75(5):734-740. Crossref. PubMed.
51. Bouts AH, Out TA, Schroder CH, et al. Characteristics of peripheral and peritoneal white blood cells in children with chronic renal failure, dialyzed or not. Perit Dial Int. 2000;20(6):748-756. Crossref. PubMed.
52. Nairn J, Hodge G, Henning P. Changes in leukocyte subsets: clinical implications for children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20(2):190-196. Crossref. PubMed.
53. Saad K, Elsayh KI, Zahran AM, Sobhy KM. Lymphocyte populations and apoptosis of peripheral blood B and T lymphocytes in children with end stage renal disease. Ren Fail. 2014;36(4):502-507. Crossref. PubMed.
54. Meier P, Dayer E, Blanc E, Wauters JP. Early T cell activation correlates with expression of apoptosis markers in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(1):204-212. PubMed.
55. Sester U, Sester M, Hauk M, Kaul H, Kohler H, Girndt M. T-cell activation follows Th1 rather than Th2 pattern in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15(8):1217-1223. Crossref. PubMed.
56. Libetta C, Rampino T, Dal Canton A. Polarization of T-helper lymphocytes toward the Th2 phenotype in uremic patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38(2):286-295. Crossref. PubMed.
57. Ladefoged J, Langhoff E. Accessory cell functions in mononuclear cell cultures uremic patients. Kidney Int. 1990;37(1):126-130. Crossref. PubMed.
58. Matsumoto Y, Shinzato T, Amano I, et al. Relationship between susceptibility to apoptosis and Fas expression in peripheral blood T cells from uremic patients: a possible mechanism for lymphopenia in chronic renal failure. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 1995;215(1):98-105. Crossref. PubMed.
59. Borges A, Borges M, Fernandes J, et al. Apoptosis of peripheral CD4(+) T-lymphocytes in end-stage renal disease patients under hemodialysis and rhEPO therapies. Ren Fail. 2011;33(2):138-143. Crossref. PubMed.
60. Meijers RW, Litjens NH, de Wit EA, et al. Uremia causes premature ageing of the T cell compartment in end-stage renal disease patients. Immun Ageing. 2012;9(1):19. Crossref. PubMed.
61. Meijers RW, Litjens NH, de Wit EA, Langerak AW, Baan CC, Betjes MG. Uremia-associated immunological aging is stably imprinted in the T-cell system and not reversed by kidney transplantation. Transpl Int. 2014;27(12):1272-1284. Crossref. PubMed.
62. Betjes MG, Langerak AW, van der Spek A, de Wit EA, Litjens NH. Premature aging of circulating T cells in patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 2011;80(2):208-217. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
63. Betjes MG, de Wit EE, Weimar W, Litjens NH. Circulating pro-inflammatory CD4posCD28null T cells are independently associated with cardiovascular disease in ESRD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(11):3640-3646. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
64. Betjes MG, Huisman M, Weimar W, Litjens NH. Expansion of cytolytic CD4+CD28- T cells in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 2008;74(6):760-767. Crossref. PubMed.
65. Betjes MG, Litjens NH, Zietse R. Seropositivity for cytomegalovirus in patients with end-stage renal disease is strongly associated with atherosclerotic disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(11):3298-3303. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
66. Pahl MV, Gollapudi S, Sepassi L, Gollapudi P, Elahimehr R, Vaziri ND. Effect of end-stage renal disease on B-lymphocyte subpopulations, IL-7, BAFF and BAFF receptor expression. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(1):205-212. Crossref. PubMed.
67. Fernandez-Fresnedo G, Ramos MA, Gonzalez-Pardo MC, de Francisco AL, Lopez-Hoyos M, Arias M. B lymphopenia in uremia is related to an accelerated in vitro apoptosis and dysregulation of Bcl-2. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15(4):502-510. Crossref. PubMed.
68. Hoy WE, Cestero RV, Freeman RB. Deficiency of T and B lymphocytes in uremic subjects and partial improvement with maintenance hemodialysis. Nephron. 1978;20(4):182-188. Crossref. PubMed.
69. Raskova J, Ghobrial I, Czerwinski DK, Shea SM, Eisinger RP, Raska KJr. B-cell activation and immunoregulation in end-stage renal disease patients receiving hemodialysis. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147(1):89-93. Crossref. PubMed.
70. Bouts AH, Davin JC, Krediet RT, et al. Children with chronic renal failure have reduced numbers of memory B cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004;137(3):589-594. Crossref. PubMed.
71. Peukert K, Wingender G, Patecki M, et al. Invariant natural killer T cells are depleted in renal impairment and recover after kidney transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(5):1020-1028. Crossref. PubMed.
72. DaRoza G, Loewen A, Djurdjev O, et al. Stage of chronic kidney disease predicts seroconversion after hepatitis B immunization: earlier is better. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42(6):1184-1192. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
73. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Chapter 4: other complications of CKD: CVD, medication dosage, patient safety, infections, hospitalizations, and caveats for investigating complications of CKD. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3(1):91-111. Crossref.
74. Braun DA, Schueler M, Halbritter J, et al. Whole exome sequencing identifies causative mutations in the majority of consanguineous or familial cases with childhood-onset increased renal echogenicity. Kidney Int. 2016;89(2):468-475. Crossref. PubMed.
75. Lata S, Marasa M, Li Y, et al. Whole-exome sequencing in adults with chronic kidney disease: a pilot study. Ann Intern Med. 2018;168(2):100-109. Crossref. PubMed.
76. Sadowski CE, Lovric S, Ashraf S, et al. A single-gene cause in 29.5% of cases of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(6):1279-1289. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
77. Groopman EE, Marasa M, Cameron-Christie S, et al. Diagnostic utility of exome sequencing for kidney disease. New Engl J Med. 2019;380(2):142-151. Crossref. PubMed.
78. Sen ES, Dean P, Yarram-Smith L, et al. Clinical genetic testing using a custom-designed steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome gene panel: analysis and recommendations. J Med Genet. 2017;54(12):795-804. Crossref. PubMed.
79. Doeschl-Wilson AB, Davidson R, Conington J, Roughsedge T, Hutchings MR, Villanueva B. Implications of host genetic variation on the risk and prevalence of infectious diseases transmitted through the environment. Genetics. 2011;188(3):683-693. Crossref. PubMed.
80. Zawada AM, Rogacev KS, Hummel B, et al. SuperTAG methylation-specific digital karyotyping reveals uremia-induced epigenetic dysregulation of atherosclerosis-related genes. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2012;5(6):611-620. Crossref. PubMed.
81. Chu CP, Hokamp JA, Cianciolo RE, et al. RNA-seq of serial kidney biopsies obtained during progression of chronic kidney disease from dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):16776. Crossref. PubMed.
82. Malas TB, Formica C, Leonhard WN, et al. Meta-analysis of polycystic kidney disease expression profiles defines strong involvement of injury repair processes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2017;312(4):F806-F817. Crossref. PubMed.
83. Park J, Shrestha R, Qiu C, et al. Single-cell transcriptomics of the mouse kidney reveals potential cellular targets of kidney disease. Science. 2018;360(6390):758-763. Crossref. PubMed.
84. Wu H, Malone AF, Donnelly EL, et al. Single-cell transcriptomics of a human kidney allograft biopsy specimen defines a diverse inflammatory response. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(8):2069-2080. Crossref. PubMed.
85. Malone AF, Wu H, Humphreys BD. Bringing renal biopsy interpretation into the molecular age with single-cell RNA sequencing. Semin Nephrol. 2018;38(1):31-39. Crossref. PubMed.
86. Der E, Ranabothu S, Suryawanshi H, et al. Single cell RNA sequencing to dissect the molecular heterogeneity in lupus nephritis. JCI Insight. 2017;2(9):e93009.. Crossref. PubMed.
87. Westermann AJ, Barquist L, Vogel J. Resolving host-pathogen interactions by dual RNA-seq. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(2):e1006033. Crossref. PubMed.
88. Stevenson DK, Shaw GM, Wise PH, et al. Transdisciplinary translational science and the case of preterm birth. J Perinatol. 2013;33(4):251-258. Crossref. PubMed.
89. Chau EM, Manns BJ, Garg AX, et al. Knowledge translation interventions to improve the timing of dialysis initiation: protocol for a cluster randomized trial. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2016;3:2054358116665257. Crossref.
90. Getchell LE, McKenzie SQ, Sontrop JM, Hayward JS, McCallum MK, Garg AX. Increasing the rate of living donor kidney transplantation in Ontario: donor- and recipient-identified barriers and solutions. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2017;4:2054358117698666. Crossref. PubMed.
91. Youssouf S, Harris T, O’Donoghue D. More than a kidney disease: a patient-centred approach to improving care in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30(5):693-695. Crossref. PubMed.
92. Phillips KA, Deverka PA, Sox HC, et al. Making genomic medicine evidence-based and patient-centered: a structured review and landscape analysis of comparative effectiveness research. Genet Med. 2017;19(10):1081-1091. Crossref. PubMed.
93. Basch E, Spertus J, Dudley RA, et al. Methods for Developing Patient-Reported Outcome-Based Performance Measures (PRO-PMs). Value Health. 2015;18(4):493-504. Crossref. PubMed.
2. Neild GH. Life expectancy with chronic kidney disease: an educational review. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017;32(2):243-248. Crossref. PubMed.
3. Saran R, Robinson B, Abbott KC, et al. US Renal Data System 2017 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;71(3)(Suppl 1):A7. Crossref.
4. Sarnak MJ, Jaber BL. Mortality caused by sepsis in patients with end-stage renal disease compared with the general population. Kidney Int. 2000;58(4):1758-1764. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
5. Pirson Y, Kanaan N. [Infectious complications in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]. Nephrol Ther. 2015;11(2):73-77. Crossref. PubMed.
6. Chonchol M. Neutrophil dysfunction and infection risk in end-stage renal disease. Semin Dial. 2006;19(4):291-296. Crossref. PubMed.
7. Betjes MG, Litjens NH. Chronic kidney disease and premature ageing of the adaptive immune response. Curr Urol Rep. 2015;16(1):471. Crossref. PubMed.
8. Gallagher AR, Germino GG, Somlo S. Molecular advances in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2010;17(2):118-130. Crossref. PubMed.
9. Torres VE, Harris PC. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: the last 3 years. Kidney Int. 2009;76(2):149-168. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
10. Torres VE, Harris PC, Pirson Y. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Lancet. 2007;369(9569):1287-1301. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
11. Tandogdu Z, Wagenlehner FM. Global epidemiology of urinary tract infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016;29(1):73-79. Crossref. PubMed.
12. Sallee M, Rafat C, Zahar JR, et al. Cyst infections in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(7):1183-1189. Crossref. PubMed.
13. Sklar AH, Caruana RJ, Lammers JE, Strauser GD. Renal infections in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1987;10(2):81-88. Crossref. PubMed.
14. Lantinga MA, Casteleijn NF, Geudens A, et al. Management of renal cyst infection in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a systematic review. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32(1):144-150. PubMed.
15. Suwabe T, Araoka H, Ubara Y, et al. Cyst infection in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: causative microorganisms and susceptibility to lipid-soluble antibiotics. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34(7):1369-1379. Crossref. PubMed.
16. Christophe JL, van Ypersele de Strihou C, Pirson Y. Complications of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in 50 haemodialysed patients. A case-control study. The U.C.L. Collaborative Group. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996;11(7):1271-1276. Crossref. PubMed.
17. Cigarran S, Neches C, Lamas JM, Garcia-Trio G, Alonso M, Saavedra J. A case report of a pyogenic liver abscess caused by Fusobacterium nucleatum in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Ther Apher Dial. 2008;12(1):91-95. Crossref. PubMed.
18. Yang CC, Chuang FR, Wu CH, Chen JB, Lee CH, Lee CT. Refractory Salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis-related renal cyst infection in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis treated successfully with intracystic ciprofloxacin infusion. Med Princ Pract. 2012;21(6):576-578. Crossref. PubMed.
19. Litjens NH, Huisman M, van den Dorpel M, Betjes MG. Impaired immune responses and antigen-specific memory CD4+ T cells in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(8):1483-1490. Crossref. PubMed.
20. Vogtlander NP, Brown A, Valentijn RM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD. Impaired response rates, but satisfying protection rates to influenza vaccination in dialysis patients. Vaccine. 2004;22(17-18):2199-2201. Crossref. PubMed.
21. Cavdar C, Sayan M, Sifil A, et al. The comparison of antibody response to influenza vaccination in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis and renal transplantation patients. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2003;37(1):71-76. Crossref. PubMed.
22. Stewart JH, Vajdic CM, van Leeuwen MT, et al. The pattern of excess cancer in dialysis and transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(10):3225-3231. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
23. Galli F. Protein damage and inflammation in uraemia and dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(suppl 5):v20-v36. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
24. Sela S, Shurtz-Swirski R, Cohen-Mazor M, et al. Primed peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocyte: a culprit underlying chronic low-grade inflammation and systemic oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(8):2431-2438. Crossref. PubMed.
25. Ward RA, McLeish KR. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte oxidative burst is enhanced in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995;5(9):1697-1702. PubMed.
26. Shurtz-Swirski R, Kristal B, Shasha SM, Shapiro G, Geron R, Sela S. Interaction between erythropoietin and peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes in continuous ambulatory dialysis patients. Nephron. 2002;91(4):759-761. Crossref. PubMed.
27. Kim JK, Hong CW, Park MJ, Song YR, Kim HJ, Kim SG. Increased neutrophil extracellular trap formation in uremia is associated with chronic inflammation and prevalent coronary artery disease. J Immunol Res. 2017;2017:8415179. Crossref. PubMed.
28. Anding K, Gross P, Rost JM, Allgaier D, Jacobs E. The influence of uraemia and haemodialysis on neutrophil phagocytosis and antimicrobial killing. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18(10):2067-2073. Crossref. PubMed.
29. Cendoroglo M, Jaber BL, Balakrishnan VS, Perianayagam M, King AJ, Pereira BJ. Neutrophil apoptosis and dysfunction in uremia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10(1):93-100. PubMed.
30. Klein JB, McLeish KR, Ward RA. Transplantation, not dialysis, corrects azotemia-dependent priming of the neutrophil oxidative burst. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;33(3):483-491. Crossref. PubMed.
31. Vacher-Coponat H, Brunet C, Lyonnet L, et al. Natural killer cell alterations correlate with loss of renal function and dialysis duration in uraemic patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(4):1406-1414. Crossref. PubMed.
32. Eleftheriadis T, Kartsios C, Yiannaki E, et al. Chronic inflammation and CD16+ natural killer cell zeta-chain downregulation in hemodialysis patients. Blood Purif. 2008;26(4):317-321. Crossref. PubMed.
33. Peraldi MN, Berrou J, Metivier F, Toubert A. Natural killer cell dysfunction in uremia: the role of oxidative stress and the effects of dialysis. Blood Purif. 2013;35(suppl 2):14-19. Crossref. PubMed.
34. Womer KL, Peng R, Patton PR, et al. The effects of renal transplantation on peripheral blood dendritic cells. Clin Transplant. 2005;19(5):659-667. Crossref. PubMed.
35. Hesselink DA, Betjes MG, Verkade MA, Athanassopoulos P, Baan CC, Weimar W. The effects of chronic kidney disease and renal replacement therapy on circulating dendritic cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20(9):1868-1873. Crossref. PubMed.
36. Agrawal S, Gollapudi P, Elahimehr R, Pahl MV, Vaziri ND. Effects of end-stage renal disease and haemodialysis on dendritic cell subsets and basal and LPS-stimulated cytokine production. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(3):737-746. Crossref. PubMed.
37. Dopheide JF, Zeller GC, Kuhlmann M, Girndt M, Sester M, Sester U. Differentiation of monocyte derived dendritic cells in end stage renal disease is skewed towards accelerated maturation. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2015;24(2):257-266. Crossref. PubMed.
38. Rama I, Llaudo I, Fontova P, et al. Online haemodiafiltration improves inflammatory state in dialysis patients: a longitudinal study. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164969. Crossref. PubMed.
39. Lim WH, Kireta S, Leedham E, Russ GR, Coates PT. Uremia impairs monocyte and monocyte-derived dendritic cell function in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2007;72(9):1138-1148. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
40. Chen P, Sun Q, Huang Y, et al. Blood dendritic cell levels associated with impaired IL-12 production and T-cell deficiency in patients with kidney disease: implications for post-transplant viral infections. Transpl Int. 2014;27(10):1069-1076. Crossref. PubMed.
41. Choi HM, Woo YS, Kim MG, Jo SK, Cho WY, Kim HK. Altered monocyte-derived dendritic cell function in patients on hemodialysis: a culprit for underlying impaired immune responses. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011;15(4):546-553. Crossref. PubMed.
42. Lim WH, Kireta S, Russ GR, Coates PT. Uremia impairs blood dendritic cell function in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2007;71(11):1122-1131. Crossref. PubMed.
43. Lim WH, Kireta S, Thomson AW, Russ GR, Coates PT. Renal transplantation reverses functional deficiencies in circulating dendritic cell subsets in chronic renal failure patients. Transplantation. 2006;81(2):160-168. Crossref. PubMed.
44. Ruiz P, Gomez F, Schreiber AD. Impaired function of macrophage Fc gamma receptors in end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(11):717-722. Crossref. PubMed.
45. Litjens NH, van Druningen CJ, Betjes MG. Progressive loss of renal function is associated with activation and depletion of naive T lymphocytes. Clin Immunol. 2006;118(1):83-91. Crossref. PubMed.
46. Meier P, Dayer E, Ronco P, Blanc E. Dysregulation of IL-2/IL-2R system alters proliferation of early activated CD4+ T cell subset in patients with end-stage renal failure. Clin Nephrol. 2005;63(1):8-21. Crossref. PubMed.
47. Moser B, Roth G, Brunner M, et al. Aberrant T cell activation and heightened apoptotic turnover in end-stage renal failure patients: a comparative evaluation between non-dialysis, haemodialysis, and peritoneal dialysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;308(3):581-585. Crossref. PubMed.
48. Kurz P, Kohler H, Meuer S, Hutteroth T, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. Impaired cellular immune responses in chronic renal failure: evidence for a T cell defect. Kidney Int. 1986;29(6):1209-1214. Crossref. PubMed.
49. Quadracci LJ, Ringden O, Krzymanski M. The effect of uremia and transplantation on lymphocyte subpopulations. Kidney Int. 1976;10(2):179-184. Crossref. PubMed.
50. Raska KJr, Raskova J, Shea SM, et al. T cell subsets and cellular immunity in end-stage renal disease. Am J Med. 1983;75(5):734-740. Crossref. PubMed.
51. Bouts AH, Out TA, Schroder CH, et al. Characteristics of peripheral and peritoneal white blood cells in children with chronic renal failure, dialyzed or not. Perit Dial Int. 2000;20(6):748-756. Crossref. PubMed.
52. Nairn J, Hodge G, Henning P. Changes in leukocyte subsets: clinical implications for children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20(2):190-196. Crossref. PubMed.
53. Saad K, Elsayh KI, Zahran AM, Sobhy KM. Lymphocyte populations and apoptosis of peripheral blood B and T lymphocytes in children with end stage renal disease. Ren Fail. 2014;36(4):502-507. Crossref. PubMed.
54. Meier P, Dayer E, Blanc E, Wauters JP. Early T cell activation correlates with expression of apoptosis markers in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(1):204-212. PubMed.
55. Sester U, Sester M, Hauk M, Kaul H, Kohler H, Girndt M. T-cell activation follows Th1 rather than Th2 pattern in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15(8):1217-1223. Crossref. PubMed.
56. Libetta C, Rampino T, Dal Canton A. Polarization of T-helper lymphocytes toward the Th2 phenotype in uremic patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38(2):286-295. Crossref. PubMed.
57. Ladefoged J, Langhoff E. Accessory cell functions in mononuclear cell cultures uremic patients. Kidney Int. 1990;37(1):126-130. Crossref. PubMed.
58. Matsumoto Y, Shinzato T, Amano I, et al. Relationship between susceptibility to apoptosis and Fas expression in peripheral blood T cells from uremic patients: a possible mechanism for lymphopenia in chronic renal failure. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 1995;215(1):98-105. Crossref. PubMed.
59. Borges A, Borges M, Fernandes J, et al. Apoptosis of peripheral CD4(+) T-lymphocytes in end-stage renal disease patients under hemodialysis and rhEPO therapies. Ren Fail. 2011;33(2):138-143. Crossref. PubMed.
60. Meijers RW, Litjens NH, de Wit EA, et al. Uremia causes premature ageing of the T cell compartment in end-stage renal disease patients. Immun Ageing. 2012;9(1):19. Crossref. PubMed.
61. Meijers RW, Litjens NH, de Wit EA, Langerak AW, Baan CC, Betjes MG. Uremia-associated immunological aging is stably imprinted in the T-cell system and not reversed by kidney transplantation. Transpl Int. 2014;27(12):1272-1284. Crossref. PubMed.
62. Betjes MG, Langerak AW, van der Spek A, de Wit EA, Litjens NH. Premature aging of circulating T cells in patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 2011;80(2):208-217. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
63. Betjes MG, de Wit EE, Weimar W, Litjens NH. Circulating pro-inflammatory CD4posCD28null T cells are independently associated with cardiovascular disease in ESRD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(11):3640-3646. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
64. Betjes MG, Huisman M, Weimar W, Litjens NH. Expansion of cytolytic CD4+CD28- T cells in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 2008;74(6):760-767. Crossref. PubMed.
65. Betjes MG, Litjens NH, Zietse R. Seropositivity for cytomegalovirus in patients with end-stage renal disease is strongly associated with atherosclerotic disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(11):3298-3303. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
66. Pahl MV, Gollapudi S, Sepassi L, Gollapudi P, Elahimehr R, Vaziri ND. Effect of end-stage renal disease on B-lymphocyte subpopulations, IL-7, BAFF and BAFF receptor expression. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(1):205-212. Crossref. PubMed.
67. Fernandez-Fresnedo G, Ramos MA, Gonzalez-Pardo MC, de Francisco AL, Lopez-Hoyos M, Arias M. B lymphopenia in uremia is related to an accelerated in vitro apoptosis and dysregulation of Bcl-2. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15(4):502-510. Crossref. PubMed.
68. Hoy WE, Cestero RV, Freeman RB. Deficiency of T and B lymphocytes in uremic subjects and partial improvement with maintenance hemodialysis. Nephron. 1978;20(4):182-188. Crossref. PubMed.
69. Raskova J, Ghobrial I, Czerwinski DK, Shea SM, Eisinger RP, Raska KJr. B-cell activation and immunoregulation in end-stage renal disease patients receiving hemodialysis. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147(1):89-93. Crossref. PubMed.
70. Bouts AH, Davin JC, Krediet RT, et al. Children with chronic renal failure have reduced numbers of memory B cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004;137(3):589-594. Crossref. PubMed.
71. Peukert K, Wingender G, Patecki M, et al. Invariant natural killer T cells are depleted in renal impairment and recover after kidney transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(5):1020-1028. Crossref. PubMed.
72. DaRoza G, Loewen A, Djurdjev O, et al. Stage of chronic kidney disease predicts seroconversion after hepatitis B immunization: earlier is better. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42(6):1184-1192. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
73. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Chapter 4: other complications of CKD: CVD, medication dosage, patient safety, infections, hospitalizations, and caveats for investigating complications of CKD. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3(1):91-111. Crossref.
74. Braun DA, Schueler M, Halbritter J, et al. Whole exome sequencing identifies causative mutations in the majority of consanguineous or familial cases with childhood-onset increased renal echogenicity. Kidney Int. 2016;89(2):468-475. Crossref. PubMed.
75. Lata S, Marasa M, Li Y, et al. Whole-exome sequencing in adults with chronic kidney disease: a pilot study. Ann Intern Med. 2018;168(2):100-109. Crossref. PubMed.
76. Sadowski CE, Lovric S, Ashraf S, et al. A single-gene cause in 29.5% of cases of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(6):1279-1289. Crossref. PubMed. ISI.
77. Groopman EE, Marasa M, Cameron-Christie S, et al. Diagnostic utility of exome sequencing for kidney disease. New Engl J Med. 2019;380(2):142-151. Crossref. PubMed.
78. Sen ES, Dean P, Yarram-Smith L, et al. Clinical genetic testing using a custom-designed steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome gene panel: analysis and recommendations. J Med Genet. 2017;54(12):795-804. Crossref. PubMed.
79. Doeschl-Wilson AB, Davidson R, Conington J, Roughsedge T, Hutchings MR, Villanueva B. Implications of host genetic variation on the risk and prevalence of infectious diseases transmitted through the environment. Genetics. 2011;188(3):683-693. Crossref. PubMed.
80. Zawada AM, Rogacev KS, Hummel B, et al. SuperTAG methylation-specific digital karyotyping reveals uremia-induced epigenetic dysregulation of atherosclerosis-related genes. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2012;5(6):611-620. Crossref. PubMed.
81. Chu CP, Hokamp JA, Cianciolo RE, et al. RNA-seq of serial kidney biopsies obtained during progression of chronic kidney disease from dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):16776. Crossref. PubMed.
82. Malas TB, Formica C, Leonhard WN, et al. Meta-analysis of polycystic kidney disease expression profiles defines strong involvement of injury repair processes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2017;312(4):F806-F817. Crossref. PubMed.
83. Park J, Shrestha R, Qiu C, et al. Single-cell transcriptomics of the mouse kidney reveals potential cellular targets of kidney disease. Science. 2018;360(6390):758-763. Crossref. PubMed.
84. Wu H, Malone AF, Donnelly EL, et al. Single-cell transcriptomics of a human kidney allograft biopsy specimen defines a diverse inflammatory response. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(8):2069-2080. Crossref. PubMed.
85. Malone AF, Wu H, Humphreys BD. Bringing renal biopsy interpretation into the molecular age with single-cell RNA sequencing. Semin Nephrol. 2018;38(1):31-39. Crossref. PubMed.
86. Der E, Ranabothu S, Suryawanshi H, et al. Single cell RNA sequencing to dissect the molecular heterogeneity in lupus nephritis. JCI Insight. 2017;2(9):e93009.. Crossref. PubMed.
87. Westermann AJ, Barquist L, Vogel J. Resolving host-pathogen interactions by dual RNA-seq. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(2):e1006033. Crossref. PubMed.
88. Stevenson DK, Shaw GM, Wise PH, et al. Transdisciplinary translational science and the case of preterm birth. J Perinatol. 2013;33(4):251-258. Crossref. PubMed.
89. Chau EM, Manns BJ, Garg AX, et al. Knowledge translation interventions to improve the timing of dialysis initiation: protocol for a cluster randomized trial. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2016;3:2054358116665257. Crossref.
90. Getchell LE, McKenzie SQ, Sontrop JM, Hayward JS, McCallum MK, Garg AX. Increasing the rate of living donor kidney transplantation in Ontario: donor- and recipient-identified barriers and solutions. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2017;4:2054358117698666. Crossref. PubMed.
91. Youssouf S, Harris T, O’Donoghue D. More than a kidney disease: a patient-centred approach to improving care in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30(5):693-695. Crossref. PubMed.
92. Phillips KA, Deverka PA, Sox HC, et al. Making genomic medicine evidence-based and patient-centered: a structured review and landscape analysis of comparative effectiveness research. Genet Med. 2017;19(10):1081-1091. Crossref. PubMed.
93. Basch E, Spertus J, Dudley RA, et al. Methods for Developing Patient-Reported Outcome-Based Performance Measures (PRO-PMs). Value Health. 2015;18(4):493-504. Crossref. PubMed.
Article Sidebar
Published
Oct 30, 2022
Article Details
How to Cite
Vangala Santhoshini, & Dr. S. Sangeetha. (2022). INCIDENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL DISEASES. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 4827-4841. https://doi.org/10.53555/k7y93d18
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Vangala Santhoshini
Depatment of Pharmacy Practice, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kattankulathur-603203, Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu, India,
Dr. S. Sangeetha
Depatment of Pharmacy Practice, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kattankulathur-603203, Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu, India,
How to Cite
Vangala Santhoshini, & Dr. S. Sangeetha. (2022). INCIDENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL DISEASES. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 4827-4841. https://doi.org/10.53555/k7y93d18