EVALUATION OF ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN OVARIAN AND BREAST CANCER PATIENTS FROM GUJRANWALA DIVISION, PAKISTAN: INSIGHTS FROM ICP-OES ANALYSIS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Breast cancer, Ovarian Cancer, Zinc, Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscop
Abstract
Objective: To estimate and compare the levels of zinc in the blood of ovarian and breast cancer patients with those in healthy individuals in the Gujranwala Division, Pakistan.
Methods: This study included 67 breast cancer patients, 36 ovarian cancer patients, and 26 healthy controls. Various demographic features were considered: age, BMI, marital status, family history, cancer stage, tumour stage, grades, and lymph nodes. Blood samples were analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to determine zinc concentration. Categorical sociodemographic data were analysed using the Chi-Square test, while continuous data (zinc concentration) were examined using the Wilcoxon rank test.
Results: Zinc levels were evaluated to assess their association with breast and ovarian cancer risk. The zinc level in breast cancer patients (1.5481 ± 0.67175 ppm) and ovarian cancer patients (1.9020 ± 1.21057 ppm) showed no significant difference compared to the control group (1.5346 ± 0.46528 ppm). Additionally, zinc levels exhibited no significant association with the sociodemographic data. Interestingly, a subgroup analysis revealed that postmenopausal breast cancer patients exhibited slightly elevated zinc levels compared to premenopausal patients, although this difference was not statistically significant. Furthermore, patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer demonstrated a minor, non-significant increase in zinc levels compared to those with early-stage disease.
Conclusion: The study concludes that women with breast and ovarian cancer do not exhibit significantly different blood zinc levels compared to healthy controls. However, minor variations in zinc levels among different subgroups suggest the need for further investigation into the potential role of zinc in cancer progression and prognosis.
References
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[3] M. I. Costa, A. B. Sarmento-Ribeiro, and A. C. Gonçalves, "Zinc: from biological functions to therapeutic potential," International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 24, no. 5, p. 4822, 2023.
[4] S. Samavarchi Tehrani et al., "The crosstalk between trace elements with DNA damage response, repair, and oxidative stress in cancer," Journal of cellular biochemistry, vol. 120, no. 2, pp. 1080-1105, 2019.
[5] A. Hussain et al., "Mechanistic impact of zinc deficiency in human development," Frontiers in Nutrition, vol. 9, p. 717064, 2022.
[6] A. Yildiz, Y. Kaya, and O. Tanriverdi, "Effect of the interaction between selenium and zinc on DNA repair in association with cancer prevention," Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 146, 2019.
[7] A. Stefanache et al., "Understanding how minerals contribute to optimal immune function," Journal of immunology research, vol. 2023, no. 1, p. 3355733, 2023.
[8] J. Wang, H. Zhao, Z. Xu, and X. Cheng, "Zinc dysregulation in cancers and its potential as a therapeutic target," Cancer biology & medicine, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 612, 2020.
[9] S. Jones, G. Farr, T. Nimmanon, S. Ziliotto, J. M. Gee, and K. M. Taylor, "The importance of targeting signalling mechanisms of the SLC39A family of zinc transporters to inhibit endocrine resistant breast cancer," Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 224, 2022.
[10] J. Li et al., "Zinc intakes and health outcomes: An umbrella review," Frontiers in nutrition, vol. 9, p. 798078, 2022.
[11] M. Chemek, A. Kadi, F. K. I. Al-Mahdawi, and I. Potoroko, "Zinc as a Possible Critical Element to Prevent Harmful Effects of COVID-19 on Testicular Function: a Narrative Review," Reproductive Sciences, pp. 1-15, 2024.
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[13] F. Sadeghsoltani et al., "Zinc and respiratory viral infections: important trace element in anti-viral response and immune regulation," Biological trace element research, pp. 1-16, 2021.
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[16] T. Atakul, S. O. Altinkaya, B. I. Abas, and C. Yenisey, "Serum copper and zinc levels in patients with endometrial cancer," Biological trace element research, vol. 195, pp. 46-54, 2020.
[17] K. Michalczyk and A. Cymbaluk-Płoska, "The role of zinc and copper in gynecological malignancies," Nutrients, vol. 12, no. 12, p. 3732, 2020.
[18] J. Lu et al., "Emerging hallmarks of endometriosis metabolism: a promising target for the treatment of endometriosis," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-molecular Cell Research, vol. 1870, no. 1, p. 119381, 2023.
[19] L. Jouybari et al., "A meta-analysis of zinc levels in breast cancer," Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, vol. 56, pp. 90-99, 2019.
[20] Y. Guo, Y. Lu, and H. Jin, "Appraising the role of circulating concentrations of micro-nutrients in epithelial ovarian cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization analysis," Scientific reports, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 7356, 2020.
[21] N. H. Matthews et al., "Exposure to trace elements and risk of skin cancer: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies," Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 3-21, 2019.
[22] F. Chen et al., "Serum copper and zinc levels and the risk of oral cancer: A new insight based on large‐scale case–control study," Oral diseases, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 80-86, 2019.
[23] J. Ma et al., "Increased total iron and zinc intake and lower heme iron intake reduce the risk of esophageal cancer: A dose-response meta-analysis," Nutrition research, vol. 59, pp. 16-28, 2018.
[24] M. H. Sohouli et al., "The relationship between diet quality indices and odds of breast cancer in women: a case–control study," BMC Women's Health, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 90, 2023.
[25] S. Dehghani et al., "Exposure to air pollution and risk of ovarian cancer: a review," Reviews on Environmental Health, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 439-450, 2023.
[26] R. K. Sardana, N. Chhikara, B. Tanwar, and A. Panghal, "Dietary impact on esophageal cancer in humans: a review," Food & function, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1967-1977, 2018.
[27] T. A. Arikan and M. Kelles, "Plasma selenium and cadmium levels in patients with chronic otitis media in a Turkish population and their relation to inflammation markers," Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 55-63, 2019.
[28] M. Matuszczak et al., "Antioxidant properties of zinc and copper—blood zinc-to copper-ratio as a marker of cancer risk BRCA1 mutation carriers," Antioxidants, vol. 13, no. 7, p. 841, 2024.
[29] H. Sartor et al., "Ovarian cancer subtypes and survival in relation to three comprehensive imaging parameters," Journal of Ovarian Research, vol. 13, pp. 1-9, 2020.
[30] A. France Štiglic et al., "Reference intervals of 24 trace elements in blood, plasma and erythrocytes for the Slovenian adult population," Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 946-957, 2024.
[31] J. Kumar, "Exploration and validation of novel liquid biomarkers in ovarian cancer of diagnostic and prognostic value," Brunel University London, 2021.
[32] Y. S. Hong et al., "Determination of macro, micro and trace elements in citrus fruits by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES), ICP–mass spectrometry and direct mercury analyzer," Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 99, no. 4, pp. 1870-1879, 2019.
[33] R. Gerber, N. Smit, J. H. van Vuren, Y. Ikenaka, and V. Wepener, "Biomarkers in tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus) as indicators of metal and organic pollution in ecologically sensitive subtropical rivers," Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 157, pp. 307-317, 2018.
[34] S. L. Didukh-Shadrina, V. N. Losev, A. Samoilo, A. К. Trofimchuk, and P. N. Nesterenko, "Determination of metals in natural waters by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy after preconcentration on silica sequentially coated with layers of polyhexamethylene guanidinium and sulphonated nitrosonaphthols," International journal of analytical chemistry, vol. 2019, no. 1, p. 1467631, 2019.
[35] S. R. Khan, B. Sharma, P. A. Chawla, and R. Bhatia, "Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES): a powerful analytical technique for elemental analysis," Food Analytical Methods, pp. 1-23, 2022.
[36] A. N. Kul and B. Ozturk Kurt, "Comparison of trace elements in peripheral blood and bone marrow of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients," Clinical and Experimental Medicine, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2024.
[37] R. A. Rayan and I. J. T. s. c. e. f. s. d. Zafar, "Monitoring technologies for precision health," pp. 251-260, 2021.
[38] R. Niemi, "Preoperative Evaluation of Ovarian Tumors," 2019.
[39] I. Zafar et al., "In silico and in vitro study of bioactive compounds of Nigella sativa for targeting neuropilins in breast cancer," vol. 11, p. 1273149, 2023.
[40] E. You, "Auricular acupressure as an adjunct treatment in cancer patients with pain: a pilot study," Rutgers University-Graduate School-Newark, 2020.
[41] T. Mazhar et al., "The role of machine learning and deep learning approaches for the detection of skin cancer," in Healthcare, 2023, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 415: MDPI.
[42] H. Ahmadirad et al., "The predictive role of the total potassium intake and odds of breast cancer: a case-control study," BMC cancer, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 995, 2024.
[43] F. E. Lundberg, A. N. Iliadou, K. Rodriguez-Wallberg, K. Gemzell-Danielsson, and A. L. Johansson, "The risk of breast and gynecological cancer in women with a diagnosis of infertility: a nationwide population-based study," European journal of epidemiology, vol. 34, pp. 499-507, 2019.
[44] Z. Momenimovahed, A. Tiznobaik, S. Taheri, and H. Salehiniya, "Ovarian cancer in the world: epidemiology and risk factors," International journal of women's health, pp. 287-299, 2019.
[45] S. Kamaraju, J. Drope, R. Sankaranarayanan, and S. Shastri, "Cancer prevention in low-resource countries: an overview of the opportunity," American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, vol. 40, pp. 72-83, 2020.
[46] L. N. Chaudhary, "Early stage triple negative breast cancer: management and future directions," in Seminars in oncology, 2020, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 201-208: Elsevier.
[47] D. J. Riley, "Rural-urban differences in the management of early-stage breast cancer," The University of Iowa, 2021.
[48] S. Scruton, "Investigating variations in survival rates for women diagnosed with ovarian cancer in Nova Scotia," 2023.
[49] Y. Depetter, "Synthesis of selective HDAC6 inhibitors and their evaluation in cancer models," Ghent University, 2019.
[50] M. K. Ulla et al., "Effect of extra-mammary diseases on udder health and biochemical changes in crossbred cows with subclinical mastitis," Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 172-176, 2021.
[51] M. R. Islam et al., "Exploring the potential function of trace elements in human health: a therapeutic perspective," Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 478, no. 10, pp. 2141-2171, 2023.
[52] R. Patil, T. Sontakke, A. Biradar, and D. Nalage, "Zinc: an essential trace element for human health and beyond," Food Health, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 13, 2023.
[53] R. Mozrzymas, "Trace elements in human health," Recent Advances in Trace Elements, pp. 373-402, 2018.
[54] R. F. Al-Ansari, A. M. Al-Gebori, and G. M. Sulaiman, "Serum levels of zinc, copper, selenium and glutathione peroxidase in the different groups of colorectal cancer patients," Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 384, 2020.
[55] S. A. Saleh, H. M. Adly, A. A. Abdelkhaliq, and A. M. Nassir, "Serum levels of selenium, zinc, copper, manganese, and iron in prostate cancer patients," Current urology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 44-49, 2020.
[56] J. B. Beserra et al., "Relation between zinc and thyroid hormones in humans: a systematic review," Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 199, pp. 4092-4100, 2021.
[57] V. Zaichick, "A systematic review of the zinc content of the normal human prostate gland," Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 199, no. 10, pp. 3593-3607, 2021.
[58] F. Abbas Tawil, S. Awad Kadhim, and A. Kareem Hashim, "Comparing the cadmium, zinc, lead, and copper concentrations between lung cancer patients and healthy Iraqi individuals," Iranian Journal of War and Public Health, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 243-248, 2022.
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Aug 29, 2024
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Azeeza Butt, Rooma Adalat, Umair Yousaf, Tafseer Fatima, Muhammad Mujaddad, Shoaib Amjad, Rubina Bibi, Hafiza Minal Akram, & Shaista Shafiq. (2024). EVALUATION OF ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN OVARIAN AND BREAST CANCER PATIENTS FROM GUJRANWALA DIVISION, PAKISTAN: INSIGHTS FROM ICP-OES ANALYSIS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(8), 2921-2937. https://doi.org/10.53555/5a43jg36
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Author Biographies
Azeeza Butt
Department of Zoology University of Sialkot, Punjab Pakistan
Rooma Adalat
Department of Zoology University of Sialkot, Punjab Pakistan
Umair Yousaf
Department of Zoology University of Sialkot, Punjab Pakistan
Tafseer Fatima
Department of Zoology University of Sialkot, Punjab Pakistan
Muhammad Mujaddad
Department of Zoology University of Sialkot, Punjab Pakistan
Shoaib Amjad
Department of Medical Physics, University of Lahore, Punjab Pakistan
Rubina Bibi
Institute of Chemical Sciences Bahauddin Zakaria University Multan Pakistan
Hafiza Minal Akram
Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Punjab Pakistan.
Shaista Shafiq
Department of Biotechnology, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan
How to Cite
Azeeza Butt, Rooma Adalat, Umair Yousaf, Tafseer Fatima, Muhammad Mujaddad, Shoaib Amjad, Rubina Bibi, Hafiza Minal Akram, & Shaista Shafiq. (2024). EVALUATION OF ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN OVARIAN AND BREAST CANCER PATIENTS FROM GUJRANWALA DIVISION, PAKISTAN: INSIGHTS FROM ICP-OES ANALYSIS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(8), 2921-2937. https://doi.org/10.53555/5a43jg36