PREVALENCE OF RENAL CALCULI AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN PATIENTS WITH FLANK PAIN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
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Keywords
Renal stones, prevalence, ultrasound, PCNL, ESWL, ureteroscopy, surgical outcomes
Abstract
Background: Renal caliculi are a common cause of flank pain and impose a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Renal Calculi in patients presenting with flank pain and assess the surgical outcomes of various stone removal procedures, with a focus on demographic and lifestyle-related risk factors.
Methods: This cross-sectional, hospital-based observational study included 250 patients with flank pain who underwent ultrasound imaging for the diagnosis of renal stones. Demographic data, lifestyle factors, and ultrasound findings were recorded. Of the patients diagnosed with Renal Calculi (n=90), surgical outcomes for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy (URS), and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics.
Results: The prevalence of Renal Calculi in patients with flank pain was 36%, with the highest prevalence in the 46–60 year age group. Males had a higher prevalence (43.3%) than females (25%). Higher BMI, smoking, inadequate hydration, and high dietary salt intake were significantly associated with renal stone formation. PCNL had the highest success rate (100%) with no complications, while ESWL (87.5%) and URS (83.3%) had moderate success rates and mild to moderate complication rates.
Conclusion: Renal caliculi are highly prevalent in males, obese individuals, smokers, and those with high salt intake. PCNL is the most effective and safest surgical method for large renal stones. Public health efforts should focus on promoting hydration, dietary modifications, and weight management to prevent renal stones.
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Syed Asif Saeed
Associate Professor, Department of General Surgery, Saraswati Medical College, Unnao, India.
Abhishek Jaiswal
Associate Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Saraswati Medical College, Unnao, India.
Pankaj Singh
Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Saraswati Medical College, Unnao, India.