PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE AMONG DIABETIC PATIENTS IN PAKISTAN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Main Article Content
Keywords
Periodontal disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Prevalence
Abstract
This study aims to determine the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease among diabetic patients in Pakistan. Periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, is significantly manifested in individuals with systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC) from January 2022 to September 2023, involving 225 diabetic patients selected through a non-probability convenience sampling method. The results indicate a high prevalence of periodontal disease, with 78% of participants affected. The findings underscore the need for improved dental care and awareness regarding the relationship between diabetes and periodontal health.
References
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5. Shazam H., Shaikh F., Hussain Z., Majeed M. M., Khan S., & Khurshid Z., “Evaluation of osteocalcin levels in saliva of periodontitis patients and their correlation with the disease severity: a cross-sectional study,” European Journal of Dentistry, April 2020, 14(03), 352-359.
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7. Hamid G., Shahzad A., & Mian A. H., “Frequency of Gingivitis among 12 to 70 Years Old Patients Visiting Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study,” Journal ISSN, April 2021, 2766, 2276.
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9. Mohamed H. H., Elburki M. S., Elsharif N. A., Elbarasi A. B., Bazina M. S., & Werfully S. M., “Prevalence and severity of periodontitis in a population with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: a clinical cross-sectional study,” Periodontal and Implant Research, April 2024, 8(1), 4.
10. Susanto A., Carolina D. N., Amaliya A., Pribadi I. M. S., & Miranda A., “Periodontal health status and treatment needs of the community in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study,” Journal of International Oral Health, April 2020, 12(2), 114-119.
11. Isola G., Santonocito S., Distefano A., Polizzi A., Vaccaro M., Raciti G., “Impact of periodontitis on gingival crevicular fluid miRNAs profiles associated with cardiovascular disease risk,” J Periodontal Res, February 2023, 58(1), 165–174.
12. Banjar A., Alyafi R., AlGhamdi A., Assaggaf M., Almarghlani A., Hassan S., “The relationship between glycated hemoglobin level and the stage of periodontitis in individuals without diabetes,” PLoS One, January 2023, 18(1).
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15. Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract [Internet]. 2022;183:109119. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822721004782
16. Zhang X., Wang M., Wang X., Qu H., Zhang R., Gu J., “Relationship between periodontitis and microangiopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis,” J Periodontal Res, April 2021, 56(6), 1019–1027.
17. Hajishengallis G., Chavakis T., “Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities,” Nat Rev Immunol, July 2021, 21(7), 426–440.
18. Preshaw P. M., Taylor J. J., Jaedicke K. M., De Jager M., Bikker J. W., Selten W., “Treatment of periodontitis reduces systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes,” J Clin Periodontol, June 2020, 47(6), 737–746.
19. Khan M. A. B., Hashim M. J., King J. K., Govender R. D., Mustafa H., Al Kaabi J., “Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes – global burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends,” J Epidemiol Glob Health, January 2019, 10(1), 107–111.
20. Isola G., Giudice A., Lo, Polizzi A., Alibrandi A., Patini R., Ferlito S., “Periodontitis and Tooth Loss Have Negative Systemic Impact on Circulating Progenitor Cell Levels: A Clinical Study,” Genes (Basel), December 2019, 10(12), 1–12.
21. Lertpimonchai A, Rattanasiri S, Arj-Ong Vallibhakara S, Attia J, Thakkinstian A. The association between oral hygiene and periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Dent J [Internet]. 2017 Dec 1 [cited 2023 Apr 9];67(6):332–43. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28646499/
22. Susanto A., Carolina D. N., Amaliya A., Pribadi I. M. S., & Miranda A., “Periodontal health status and treatment needs of the community in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study,” Journal of International Oral Health, April 2020, 12(2), 114-119.
23. Thomas J. T., Thomas T., Ahmed M., Kannan S. K., Abdullah Z., Alghamdi S. A., & Joseph B., “Prevalence of periodontal disease among obese young adult population in Saudi Arabia—a cross-sectional study,” Medicina, April 2020, 56(4), 197.
24. Khan M. A., Asghar H., Kashir M., Malik A. A., Baig H. W., & Khurshid H. M. S., “The prevalence of periodontitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A cross-sectional analytical study in population of Pakistan.”
25. Belay A. S., & Achimano A. A., “Prevalence and risk factors for periodontal disease among women attending antenatal care in public hospitals, Southwest Ethiopia, 2022: a multicenter cross-sectional study,” Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry, April 2022, 153-170.
2. Batool R., Banglani M. A., Rajper S. P., Talpur N., Shams S., & Imtiaz S., “Severity of Periodontal Status in Type I and Type II Diabetes Mellitus,” Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, April 2022, 16(05), 620-620.
3. Adnan K., Abid S., Irfan S., Khan Z., Abid S., & Arif A., “Deepening the Relationship between Diabetes, Oral Health and Severity of Periodontal Diseases in Pakistani Population,” Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, April 2023, 17(05), 637-637.
4. Rahim A., Hassan S., Ullah N., Noor N., Ahmed R., & Afaq S., “Association and comparison of periodontal and oral hygiene status with serum HbA1c levels: a cross-sectional study,” BMC Oral Health, April 2023, 23(1), 442.
5. Shazam H., Shaikh F., Hussain Z., Majeed M. M., Khan S., & Khurshid Z., “Evaluation of osteocalcin levels in saliva of periodontitis patients and their correlation with the disease severity: a cross-sectional study,” European Journal of Dentistry, April 2020, 14(03), 352-359.
6. Shahid A., Zahid N., Qadeer S., Dar S. Y., Muneer M., & Saleem S., “The Prevalence of Periodontal disease by Community Periodontal Index in type II-diabetic and non-diabetic patients,” Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, April 2023, 17(03), 201-201.
7. Hamid G., Shahzad A., & Mian A. H., “Frequency of Gingivitis among 12 to 70 Years Old Patients Visiting Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study,” Journal ISSN, April 2021, 2766, 2276.
8. Rahim A., Syed K., Ahad B., Farooq A., Ayub Z., & Batool S. M., “Comparison of severity of periodontal clinical parameters among answer/snuff users: cross-sectional study,” Plos One, September 2022, 17(9), e0273288.
9. Mohamed H. H., Elburki M. S., Elsharif N. A., Elbarasi A. B., Bazina M. S., & Werfully S. M., “Prevalence and severity of periodontitis in a population with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: a clinical cross-sectional study,” Periodontal and Implant Research, April 2024, 8(1), 4.
10. Susanto A., Carolina D. N., Amaliya A., Pribadi I. M. S., & Miranda A., “Periodontal health status and treatment needs of the community in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study,” Journal of International Oral Health, April 2020, 12(2), 114-119.
11. Isola G., Santonocito S., Distefano A., Polizzi A., Vaccaro M., Raciti G., “Impact of periodontitis on gingival crevicular fluid miRNAs profiles associated with cardiovascular disease risk,” J Periodontal Res, February 2023, 58(1), 165–174.
12. Banjar A., Alyafi R., AlGhamdi A., Assaggaf M., Almarghlani A., Hassan S., “The relationship between glycated hemoglobin level and the stage of periodontitis in individuals without diabetes,” PLoS One, January 2023, 18(1).
13. Reddy CVK, Maurya M. A comparative study to assess the oral health status and treatment needs of diabetics and non-diabetic population attending some of the hospitals in Mysore City. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Apr 14];6(12):1–14. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/aphd/pages/default.aspx/article.asp?issn=2319-5932;year=2008;volume=6;issue=12;spage=1;epage=14;aulast=Reddy;type=0.
14. Pattayil S., Vadakkekuttical R. J., Radhakrishnan C., Kanakkath H., Hrishi T. S., “Proportional relationship between periodontal inflamed surface area, clinical attachment loss, and glycated hemoglobin level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on insulin therapy and on oral antidiabetic therapy,” J Periodontol, April 2023, 3(1), 31–40.
15. Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract [Internet]. 2022;183:109119. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822721004782
16. Zhang X., Wang M., Wang X., Qu H., Zhang R., Gu J., “Relationship between periodontitis and microangiopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis,” J Periodontal Res, April 2021, 56(6), 1019–1027.
17. Hajishengallis G., Chavakis T., “Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities,” Nat Rev Immunol, July 2021, 21(7), 426–440.
18. Preshaw P. M., Taylor J. J., Jaedicke K. M., De Jager M., Bikker J. W., Selten W., “Treatment of periodontitis reduces systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes,” J Clin Periodontol, June 2020, 47(6), 737–746.
19. Khan M. A. B., Hashim M. J., King J. K., Govender R. D., Mustafa H., Al Kaabi J., “Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes – global burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends,” J Epidemiol Glob Health, January 2019, 10(1), 107–111.
20. Isola G., Giudice A., Lo, Polizzi A., Alibrandi A., Patini R., Ferlito S., “Periodontitis and Tooth Loss Have Negative Systemic Impact on Circulating Progenitor Cell Levels: A Clinical Study,” Genes (Basel), December 2019, 10(12), 1–12.
21. Lertpimonchai A, Rattanasiri S, Arj-Ong Vallibhakara S, Attia J, Thakkinstian A. The association between oral hygiene and periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Dent J [Internet]. 2017 Dec 1 [cited 2023 Apr 9];67(6):332–43. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28646499/
22. Susanto A., Carolina D. N., Amaliya A., Pribadi I. M. S., & Miranda A., “Periodontal health status and treatment needs of the community in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study,” Journal of International Oral Health, April 2020, 12(2), 114-119.
23. Thomas J. T., Thomas T., Ahmed M., Kannan S. K., Abdullah Z., Alghamdi S. A., & Joseph B., “Prevalence of periodontal disease among obese young adult population in Saudi Arabia—a cross-sectional study,” Medicina, April 2020, 56(4), 197.
24. Khan M. A., Asghar H., Kashir M., Malik A. A., Baig H. W., & Khurshid H. M. S., “The prevalence of periodontitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A cross-sectional analytical study in population of Pakistan.”
25. Belay A. S., & Achimano A. A., “Prevalence and risk factors for periodontal disease among women attending antenatal care in public hospitals, Southwest Ethiopia, 2022: a multicenter cross-sectional study,” Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry, April 2022, 153-170.
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Published
Sep 23, 2024
Article Details
How to Cite
Dr. Umara Alam, Dr. Syed Tahir Husain, Dr. Ghania Kashif, Dr. Muattar Hanif, Dr. Khurram Nadeem, & Dr. Seherish Khan Abbasi. (2024). PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE AMONG DIABETIC PATIENTS IN PAKISTAN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(9), 1690-1696. https://doi.org/10.53555/wxh9j677
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Author Biographies
Dr. Umara Alam
General Dentist in a Private Institute
Dr. Syed Tahir Husain
Consultant (Asst. Prof), Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi Pakistan
Dr. Ghania Kashif
General Practitioner, Dr Shaista Dental Clinic (Private Practice)
Dr. Muattar Hanif
Dr Ishrat Ul Ibad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi Pakistan
Dr. Khurram Nadeem
Professor, Lahore Medical & Dental College, Lahore Pakistan
Dr. Seherish Khan Abbasi
Senior Registrar, Baqai Medical University, Karachi Pakistan
How to Cite
Dr. Umara Alam, Dr. Syed Tahir Husain, Dr. Ghania Kashif, Dr. Muattar Hanif, Dr. Khurram Nadeem, & Dr. Seherish Khan Abbasi. (2024). PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE AMONG DIABETIC PATIENTS IN PAKISTAN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(9), 1690-1696. https://doi.org/10.53555/wxh9j677