PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF OLEA FERRUGINEA ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION IN OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY RAT MODEL
Main Article Content
Keywords
Olea ferruginea, Ethyl acetate fraction, Antioxidant activity, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Cardiac Hypertrophy
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a common contributor to many diseases, particularly heart failure / cardiac hypertrophy. Phytochemicals are considered key components to counteract ROS and can be utilized in treatment without side effects. The study aimed at phytochemical screening of O. ferruginea ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and evaluation of its antioxidant capacity using 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) antioxidant assay, and in vivo oxidative stress-induced Cardiac Hypertrophy (CH) rat model. Results of this study showed strong potential for scavenging ROS with IC50 value 43.89±1.23 µg/ml) with DPPH and H2O2 along with the presence of higher Total Phenolic Content (TPC) (560 ±8.3), and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) (430±4.7) contents. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis translated most of the compounds. Further in vitro results were validated by in vivo, an antiradical scavenging power estimation study on the oxidative stress-induced CH rat model with a significant reduction in H2O2 levels (3.5 fold) versus the diseased control group (7 fold) (p < 0.05). This study concludes that O. ferruginea may serve as an anti-oxidant pool of natural active compou nds that can be utilized for further biochemical and molecular analysis to control Cardiac hypertrophy
References
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25. Hassan HU, Raja NI, Abasi F, et al. Comparative study of antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Olea Ferruginea fruit extract and its mediated selenium nanoparticles. Mol 2022; 27(16): 5194.
26. Amin A, Khan MA, Shah S, et al. Inhibitory effects of Olea Ferruginea crude leaves extract against some bacterial and fungal pathogen. Pak J Pharm Sci 2013; 26(2): 251-255.
27. Sofowora A. 1993. Phytochemical Screening of Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa Edition. Spectrum Books Ltd., Nigeria, 150-156.
28. Trease, G.E. and Evans, W.C. Pharmacognosy. 11th Edition, Bailliere Tindall, London, 1989:45-50.
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30. Ashagrie G, Abebe A, Umer S. Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of Ehretia cymosa Thonn (Boraginaceae) Leaves in Rodents. J Exp Pharmacol 2023; 15:63-79.
31. Folin O, Denis W. A New Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Vanillin in Flavoring Extracts. Ind Eng Chem 1912; 4(9): 670-672.
32. Sarma R, Das M, Mudoi T, et al. Evaluation of antioxidant and antifungal activities of polyphenol-rich extracts of dried pulp of garcinia pedunculata roxb. And garcinia morella gaertn. (clusiaceae). Trop J Pharm Res 2016; 15(1): 133-140.
33. Park YS, Jung ST, Kang SG, et al. Antioxidants and proteins in ethylene-treated kiwifruits. Food Chem 2008; 107(2): 640-648.
34. Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Sci Technol 1995; 28(1):25-30.
35. Ruch RJ, Cheng SJ, Klaunig JE. Carcinogenesis, Rely. Chim Acta 1989; (10):1003-1008.
36. Khatua TN, Borkar RM, Mohammed SA, et al. Novel sulfur metabolites of garlic attenuate cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling through induction of Na+/K+-ATPase expression. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8: 18.
37. Mushtaq S, Ali T, Javed Q, et al. N-Acetyl Cysteine Inhibits Endothelin-1-Induced ROS Dependent Cardiac Hypertrophy through Superoxide Dismutase Regulation. Cell J 2015; 17(2):355-60.
38. Nahar L, Russell WR, Middleton M, et al. Antioxidant phenylacetic acid derivatives from the seeds of Ilex aquifolium. Acta Pharm. 2005; 55(2):187-93.
39. Milaeva E, Sofiya O, Meleshonkova N, et al. Antioxidative Activity of Ferrocenes Bearing 2, 6-Di-Tert-Butylphenol Moieties. Bioinorg chem appl 2010; 165482.
40. Tuong DTC, Moniruzzaman M, Smirnova E, et al. Curcumin as a Potential Antioxidant in Stress Regulation of Terrestrial, Avian, and Aquatic Animals: A Review. Antioxidants 2023; 12(9): 1700.
41. Park MS, Park MS, Lee KG. Antioxidative activities of volatile and non‐volatile extracts of Schisandra chinensis Baill fruit. Flavor Fragr J 2020; 35(4): 435-442.
42. Ribeiro PRE, Montero IF, Saravia SAM, et al. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity in the essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees with medicinal interest. J Med Plant Res 2020; 14(7): 326-330.
43. Adeyemi MM. GC-MS Analysis of Methanol Extracts of Phragmanthera incana Leaves From Guava, Mango, Cashew, and Kolanut Trees. Med Health Sci E J. 2023; 7(1). ISSN: 2469-6774.
44. Yamaguchi T, Takamura H, Matoba T, Terao J. HPLC Method for Evaluation of the Free Radical-Scavenging Activity of foods by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1998; 62(6):1201-4. http//doi: 10.1271/bbb.62.1201. PMID: 9692204
45. Sánchez-Moreno C. Methods used to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity in foods and biological systems. Food science and technology international 2002; 8(3):121-37.
46. Sannigrahi S, Mazuder UK, Pal DK, et al. Antioxidant potential of crude extract and different fractions of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Iran J Pharm Res 2010; 9(1): 75.
47. Hayashi I, Morishita Y, Imai K, et al. High-throughput spectrophotometric assay of reactive oxygen species in serum. Mutat Res 2007; 631(1): 55-61. http://doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.04.006.
48. Siddiqui SZ, Abbasi MA, Aziz-ur-Rehman RT, et al. Olea Ferrugenia: a potential natural source of protection from oxidative stress. J Med Plant Res 2011; 5(17): 4080-4086.
49. Hafeez M, Hassan SM, Mughal SS, et al. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Potential of Abelmoschus esculentus. Chem Biomol Eng 2020; 5(4): 69.
50. Nawaz H, Shad MA, Rehman N, et al. Effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield and antioxidant properties of phytochemicals from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds. Braz J Pharm Sci 2020; 56:e17129.
51. Masood A, Manzoor M, Anjum S, et al. Quantitative analysis of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of olive fruits (Olea Ferruginea) based on geographical region and harvesting time in Zhob district, Pakistan. Appl Ecol Env Res 2021; 19(1): 13-25.
52. Moreira L, Dias LG, Pereira JA, Estevinho L. Antioxidant properties, total phenols, and pollen analysis of propolis samples from Portugal. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46(11): 3482-3485.
53. Mohammadi-Cheraghabadi M, Hazrati STerpenoids, steroids, and phenolic compounds of medicinal plants. Phytochemicals in Medicinal Plants: Biodiversity, Bioactivity and Drug Discovery. 2023; 105.
54. Wang J, Zhang Y, Fang Z, et al. Oleic acid alleviates cadmium-induced oxidative damage in rats by its radical scavenging activity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190: 95-100.
55. Sultana F, Imran-Ul-Haque M, Arafat M, Sharmin S. An overview of nanogel drug delivery system. J Appl Pharma Sci 2013; 3(8): S95-S105.
56. Safdar MN, Kausar T, Jabbar S, et al. Extraction and quantification of polyphenols from kinnow (Citrus reticulate L.) peel using ultrasound and maceration techniques. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 25(3):488-500. doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.07.010.
57. Ramachandra CJ, Cong S, Chan X, et al. Oxidative stress in cardiac hypertrophy: From molecular mechanisms to novel therapeutic targets. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 166:297-312.
58. Vashi R, Patel BM. NRF2 in cardiovascular diseases: a ray of hope! J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2021; 14: 573-586.
59. Jin M, Yu H, Jin X, et al. Dracocephalum Moldavica L. Extracts Protect H9c2 Cardiomyocytes against H2O2-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress. Biomed Res Int 2020; 2: 8379358. http://doi: 10.1155/2020/8379358
60. Zhang J, Yanfang Wu, Chenyu W, et al. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activity effect of ethyl acetate extract from the flowers of Syringa pubescens Turcz. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 322: 117561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.117561.
61. Zilani MNH, Sultana T, Asabur Rahman SM, et al. Chemical composition and pharmacological activities of Pisum sativum. BMC Complement Altern Med2017; 17: 1-9.
2. Zeb A. Concept, mechanism, and applications of phenolic antioxidants in foods. J Food Biochem 2020. 44(9): e13394.
3. Porras-Loaiza AP, López-Malo A. Importancia de los grupos fenólicos en los alimentos. Temas selectos de Ingeniería de Alimentos 2009; 3(1): 121-134.
4. Singh RB, Fedacko J, Fatima G, et al. Why and how the Indo-Mediterranean diet may be superior to other diets: the role of antioxidants in the diet. Nutr 2022; 14(4): 898.
5. Swallah MS, Sun H, Affoh R, Fu H, Yu H. Antioxidant Potential Overviews of Secondary Metabolites (Polyphenols) in Fruits. Int J food sci 2020; 9081686. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9081686.
6. Stagos D. Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenolic Plant Extracts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 9(1):19. https://doi: 10.3390/antiox9010019.
7. Ndjenda Ii MK, Nguelefack-Mbuyo EP, Atsamo AD, et al. Antihypertensive Effects of the Methanol Extract and the Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Crinum zeylanicum (Amaryllidaceae) Leaves in L-NAME-Treated Rat. J Evid Based Complement Altern med 2021; eCAM 2656249. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2656249.
8. Ghani A, Adib A, Ugusman A, et al. "Role of Terpenophenolics in Modulating Inflammation and Apoptosis in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review" Int J Mol Sci 2023; 6: 5339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065339
9. Takimoto E, Kass DA. Role of oxidative stress in cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. Hypertension 2007; 49(2):241-8.
10. Maurya A, Prasad J, Das S, Dwivedy AK. Essential oils and their application in food safety. Front Sustain Food Syst 2021; 5: 653420.
11. Paiva-Martins F, Gordon MH, Gameiro P. Activity and location of olive oil phenolic antioxidants in liposomes. Chem Phys Lipids 2003; 124(1):23-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-3084 (03)00032-X.
12. Khan, MN, Soherwardy R, Sarwar A. Nutritional assessment of olive fruit (Oleaeuropaea) available at local market. Int Food Res J. 2015; 22(2): 526. ISSN 1985-4668.
13. Ahmad K, Pieroni A. Folk knowledge of wild food plants among the tribal communities of Thakht-e-Sulaiman Hills, North-West Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2016; 12: 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0090-2
14. Ullah A, Anjum S, Masood A, et al. Nutritional prospects of some wild edible medicinal plants of District Harnai Balochistan, Pakistan. Food Sci Technol 2023; 43. e115922.https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.115922.
15. Hayat N, Ullah A, Parveen S, Ali SG. Diversity, utilization, and economic importance of fuel wood and fruit plants at Tehsil Dir, Pakistan. Pure Appl Biol 2023; 12(1):703-721
16. Liaqat I, Hussain S, Abid H, et al. An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used for Primary Health Care from Patan Sher Khan and Surrounding Areas of District Sudhnoti, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. J Appl Res Plant Sci 2023; 4(01): 518–528. https://doi.org/10.38211/joarps.2023.04.01.62.
17. Amjad MS, Arshad M. Ethnobotanical inventory and medicinal uses of some important woody plant species of Kotli, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:952-958
18. Mehmood A, Murtaza G. Phenolic contents, the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Olea Ferruginea Royle (Oleaceae). BMC Complement Altern Med 2018; 18:173.
19. Sharma RK, Sharma N, Samant SS, et al. Antioxidant activities in methanolic extracts of Olea Ferruginea Royle fruits. Int J Biosci Biochem Bioinforma 2013; 3(2): 154-156.
20. Sharma N, Kumar I, Sharma RK. Antioxidant activities in stem bark, leaves, and fruits of Olea ferruginea Royle grow in Himachal Pradesh, in relation to altitudinal changes. Int J Food Nutr Sci 2020; 9(4): 48-48
21. Yaseen M, Kamran M, Farid A, et al. Antibacterial, Hemagglutination, and Insecticidal Activity Studies on the Solvent Extracts of the Roots of Olea ferruginea. Makara J Sci 2022; 26(1): 8.
22. Rafique R, Din Z, Ilat S, et al. In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Stem and Leaf Extract of Olea ferruginea Royle against Foot and Mouth Disease Virus. Pak J Sci 2021; 73:364-377.
23. Rauf A, Rashid U, Shah ZA, et al. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Diabetic Activity of Ferruginan, a Natural Compound from Olea ferruginea. Processes 2023; 11(2): 545.
24. Hashmi MA, Shah HS, Khan A, et al. Anticancer and alkaline phosphatase inhibitory effects of compounds isolated from the leaves of Olea ferruginea Royle. Rec Nat Prod 2015; 9(1): 164-168.
25. Hassan HU, Raja NI, Abasi F, et al. Comparative study of antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Olea Ferruginea fruit extract and its mediated selenium nanoparticles. Mol 2022; 27(16): 5194.
26. Amin A, Khan MA, Shah S, et al. Inhibitory effects of Olea Ferruginea crude leaves extract against some bacterial and fungal pathogen. Pak J Pharm Sci 2013; 26(2): 251-255.
27. Sofowora A. 1993. Phytochemical Screening of Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa Edition. Spectrum Books Ltd., Nigeria, 150-156.
28. Trease, G.E. and Evans, W.C. Pharmacognosy. 11th Edition, Bailliere Tindall, London, 1989:45-50.
29. Bhattacharjee S, Elancheran R, Dutta K, et al. Cardioprotective potential of the antioxidant-rich bioactive fraction of Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats. Front Pharmacol.2022; 4(13):1009023.
30. Ashagrie G, Abebe A, Umer S. Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of Ehretia cymosa Thonn (Boraginaceae) Leaves in Rodents. J Exp Pharmacol 2023; 15:63-79.
31. Folin O, Denis W. A New Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Vanillin in Flavoring Extracts. Ind Eng Chem 1912; 4(9): 670-672.
32. Sarma R, Das M, Mudoi T, et al. Evaluation of antioxidant and antifungal activities of polyphenol-rich extracts of dried pulp of garcinia pedunculata roxb. And garcinia morella gaertn. (clusiaceae). Trop J Pharm Res 2016; 15(1): 133-140.
33. Park YS, Jung ST, Kang SG, et al. Antioxidants and proteins in ethylene-treated kiwifruits. Food Chem 2008; 107(2): 640-648.
34. Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Sci Technol 1995; 28(1):25-30.
35. Ruch RJ, Cheng SJ, Klaunig JE. Carcinogenesis, Rely. Chim Acta 1989; (10):1003-1008.
36. Khatua TN, Borkar RM, Mohammed SA, et al. Novel sulfur metabolites of garlic attenuate cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling through induction of Na+/K+-ATPase expression. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8: 18.
37. Mushtaq S, Ali T, Javed Q, et al. N-Acetyl Cysteine Inhibits Endothelin-1-Induced ROS Dependent Cardiac Hypertrophy through Superoxide Dismutase Regulation. Cell J 2015; 17(2):355-60.
38. Nahar L, Russell WR, Middleton M, et al. Antioxidant phenylacetic acid derivatives from the seeds of Ilex aquifolium. Acta Pharm. 2005; 55(2):187-93.
39. Milaeva E, Sofiya O, Meleshonkova N, et al. Antioxidative Activity of Ferrocenes Bearing 2, 6-Di-Tert-Butylphenol Moieties. Bioinorg chem appl 2010; 165482.
40. Tuong DTC, Moniruzzaman M, Smirnova E, et al. Curcumin as a Potential Antioxidant in Stress Regulation of Terrestrial, Avian, and Aquatic Animals: A Review. Antioxidants 2023; 12(9): 1700.
41. Park MS, Park MS, Lee KG. Antioxidative activities of volatile and non‐volatile extracts of Schisandra chinensis Baill fruit. Flavor Fragr J 2020; 35(4): 435-442.
42. Ribeiro PRE, Montero IF, Saravia SAM, et al. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity in the essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees with medicinal interest. J Med Plant Res 2020; 14(7): 326-330.
43. Adeyemi MM. GC-MS Analysis of Methanol Extracts of Phragmanthera incana Leaves From Guava, Mango, Cashew, and Kolanut Trees. Med Health Sci E J. 2023; 7(1). ISSN: 2469-6774.
44. Yamaguchi T, Takamura H, Matoba T, Terao J. HPLC Method for Evaluation of the Free Radical-Scavenging Activity of foods by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1998; 62(6):1201-4. http//doi: 10.1271/bbb.62.1201. PMID: 9692204
45. Sánchez-Moreno C. Methods used to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity in foods and biological systems. Food science and technology international 2002; 8(3):121-37.
46. Sannigrahi S, Mazuder UK, Pal DK, et al. Antioxidant potential of crude extract and different fractions of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Iran J Pharm Res 2010; 9(1): 75.
47. Hayashi I, Morishita Y, Imai K, et al. High-throughput spectrophotometric assay of reactive oxygen species in serum. Mutat Res 2007; 631(1): 55-61. http://doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.04.006.
48. Siddiqui SZ, Abbasi MA, Aziz-ur-Rehman RT, et al. Olea Ferrugenia: a potential natural source of protection from oxidative stress. J Med Plant Res 2011; 5(17): 4080-4086.
49. Hafeez M, Hassan SM, Mughal SS, et al. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Potential of Abelmoschus esculentus. Chem Biomol Eng 2020; 5(4): 69.
50. Nawaz H, Shad MA, Rehman N, et al. Effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield and antioxidant properties of phytochemicals from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds. Braz J Pharm Sci 2020; 56:e17129.
51. Masood A, Manzoor M, Anjum S, et al. Quantitative analysis of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of olive fruits (Olea Ferruginea) based on geographical region and harvesting time in Zhob district, Pakistan. Appl Ecol Env Res 2021; 19(1): 13-25.
52. Moreira L, Dias LG, Pereira JA, Estevinho L. Antioxidant properties, total phenols, and pollen analysis of propolis samples from Portugal. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46(11): 3482-3485.
53. Mohammadi-Cheraghabadi M, Hazrati STerpenoids, steroids, and phenolic compounds of medicinal plants. Phytochemicals in Medicinal Plants: Biodiversity, Bioactivity and Drug Discovery. 2023; 105.
54. Wang J, Zhang Y, Fang Z, et al. Oleic acid alleviates cadmium-induced oxidative damage in rats by its radical scavenging activity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190: 95-100.
55. Sultana F, Imran-Ul-Haque M, Arafat M, Sharmin S. An overview of nanogel drug delivery system. J Appl Pharma Sci 2013; 3(8): S95-S105.
56. Safdar MN, Kausar T, Jabbar S, et al. Extraction and quantification of polyphenols from kinnow (Citrus reticulate L.) peel using ultrasound and maceration techniques. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 25(3):488-500. doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.07.010.
57. Ramachandra CJ, Cong S, Chan X, et al. Oxidative stress in cardiac hypertrophy: From molecular mechanisms to novel therapeutic targets. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 166:297-312.
58. Vashi R, Patel BM. NRF2 in cardiovascular diseases: a ray of hope! J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2021; 14: 573-586.
59. Jin M, Yu H, Jin X, et al. Dracocephalum Moldavica L. Extracts Protect H9c2 Cardiomyocytes against H2O2-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress. Biomed Res Int 2020; 2: 8379358. http://doi: 10.1155/2020/8379358
60. Zhang J, Yanfang Wu, Chenyu W, et al. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activity effect of ethyl acetate extract from the flowers of Syringa pubescens Turcz. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 322: 117561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.117561.
61. Zilani MNH, Sultana T, Asabur Rahman SM, et al. Chemical composition and pharmacological activities of Pisum sativum. BMC Complement Altern Med2017; 17: 1-9.
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Aug 21, 2024
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Noureen Sharif, Sobia Tabassum, Iram Murtaza, Naseer Ahmed, Gul Shahnaz, Abbas Rahdar, Sadanand Pandey, & Nagina Atlas. (2024). PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF OLEA FERRUGINEA ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION IN OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY RAT MODEL. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(8), 1112-1128. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i8.7536
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Author Biographies
Noureen Sharif
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Sobia Tabassum
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Iram Murtaza
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quai-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Naseer Ahmed
Department of Pharmacology, Rehman College of Dentistry, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan
Gul Shahnaz
Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan,
Abbas Rahdar
Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol 538-98615, Iran
Sadanand Pandey
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
Nagina Atlas
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
How to Cite
Noureen Sharif, Sobia Tabassum, Iram Murtaza, Naseer Ahmed, Gul Shahnaz, Abbas Rahdar, Sadanand Pandey, & Nagina Atlas. (2024). PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF OLEA FERRUGINEA ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION IN OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY RAT MODEL. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(8), 1112-1128. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i8.7536