IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF HER2, KI-67, AND P53 IN VARIOUS HISTOLOGICAL GRADES OF BREAST CARCINOMA IN LOCAL POPULATION

Abstract

Background: Breast carcinoma has continued to be one of the common types of cancer prevalent and deadly in the world. Breast tumour grading with histologic techniques is very important in prognosis as well as the management of the patients. These proteins include HER2, Ki-67, and P53 which have been identified to have important roles in the breast carcinomas biological behaviour. HER2 is a growth factor receptor, Ki-67 is proliferation index of the tumor and P53 is a tumor suppressive gene. Such markers may be beneficial while evaluating the tumour’s aggressiveness and the patient’s prognosis. Hence, it is important that more localized analysis is done for breast cancer especially since its biology exhibits a diverse feature in different ethnic community.

Aim: The specific aim of this study is as follows: To determine the level of HER2, Ki-67 and P53 in different histological grades of breast carcinoma prevalent in a local population. The secondary aim is, therefore, to compare the normal and cancer cells and also their biomarker scores with the histological grades in order to evaluate their prognostic significance.

Method: This paperwork is a type of research known as retrospective cohort study carried out over a period of two years. Patients included in the study were female patients diagnosed with breast carcinoma in whom surgery was carried out in form of excision or biopsy. Blood samples were taken; tissue samples were resected and prepared, using conventional histopathological methods. Immunohistochemistry for HER2, Ki-67, and P53 markers were done using anti-HER, Ki-67, and anti-p53 antibodies respectively, and standard operating procedures of immunohistochemistry staining method were followed. Assessment of the immunohistochemical staining was done according to previously described measurements. In data collection, Focus group discussion was conducted and follow-up measurements were made on the quantitative data using chi square and ANOVA test where probity was kept at p < 0. 05.

Results: Details of patients’ demographics and clinical profiles clearly reflected a cross-sectional representation of the study population. According to the classification, tumors were placed into the groups by size, stage, and spread of lymph nodes. These included HER2 overexpression more often in high grade tumours, rising levels of Ki-67 with grade and P53 mutation more commonly in advanced disease. The above biomarkers were strongly associated with histological grades. HER2 and Ki-67 receptor markers were directly related to poor prognosis and high recurrence while P53 mutations showed aggressive behaviour of tumor. In multivariate analysis, the authors confirmed the independence of biomarkers proved to be significant.

Conclusion: The alterations of HER2, Ki-67, and P53 are directly associated with the grades of breast carcinoma and these changes are useful for prognosis of the diseases. : Hence, it is recommended that integration of HER2, Ki-67, and P53 in diagnostic procedures to enhance the accuracy of assessments to support the development of targeted therapies. Continuity of such investigations and confirmations will be needed to progress the utilization of these biomarkers in the management of breast carcinoma.