EXPLORING THE BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY IN PRIMARY CARE TEAMS: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
Main Article Content
Keywords
Abstract
Objectives: Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities experience widespread inequalities in dental care utilization. While, several studies have reported factors contributing to such inequalities, a synthesis of evidence is lacking for CALD carers. This review examined the barriers and facilitators to dental care utilization among CALD carers.
Methods: Medline, CINAHL, ProQuest, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for dental utilization and related factors, without geographic limitations. An integrated mixed-method design was adopted, where both qualitative and quantitative findings were combined into a single synthesis. Critical appraisal was conducted using JBI tools, and a Universal Health Coverage (UHC) framework guided the synthesis approach. Reliability and researcher triangulation occurred throughout the conduct of this review.
Results: A total of 20 papers were included: qualitative (n = 8), quantitative (n = 8) and mixed method (n = 4). Studies were from Australia, Canada, South Korea, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom and the United States. Three studies insufficiently reported confounding variables and nine qualitative papers lacked philosophical perspectives. Affordability was the foremost barrier at the system level, followed by psychosocial negative provider experiences and language/communication issues at the provider level. Cultural, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs were individual-family level factors. Utilizing a UHC framework, the barriers and facilitators were aggregated at three levels; financial-system, provider and individual-family levels and illustrated in the rainbow model of CALD oral health.
Conclusion: The review strengthens evidence for multilayered, system-related policies and culturally sensitive provision of services for reducing oral healthcare inequalities in CALD carers.
References
1 McAuliffe M, Khadria B, eds. World Migration Report 2020. International Organisation for Migration, United Nations; 2019.
2 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, ed. UN. International Migration 2020 Highlights. United Nations; 2020.
3 Pham TTL, Berecki-Gisolf J, Clapperton A, O'Brien KS, Liu S, Gibson K. Definitions of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD): a literature review of epidemiological research in Australia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(2): 737.
4 Marcus K, Balasubramanian M, Short SD, Sohn W. Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD): terminology and standards in reducing healthcare inequalities. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2021; 46(1): 7-9.
5 Mathur MR, Williams DM, Reddy KS, Watt RG. Universal health coverage: a unique policy opportunity for oral health. J Dent Res. 2015; 94(3_suppl): 3S-5S.
6 Watt RG, Daly B, Allison P, et al. Ending the neglect of global oral health: time for radical action. Lancet. 2019; 394(10194): 261-272.
7 Sheiham A, Alexander D, Cohen L, et al. Global oral health inequalities: task group—implementation and delivery of oral health strategies. Adv Dent Res. 2011; 23(2): 259-267.
8 Mariño R, Wright C, Schofield M, Minichiello V, Calache H. Factors associated with self-reported use of dental health services among older Greek and Italian immigrants. Spec Care Dentist. 2005; 25(1): 29-36.
9 Wu B, Yaolin P, Zhang W, Northridge M. Immigrant status, resilience, and perceived oral health among Chinese Americans in Hawaii. Res Aging. 2020; 42(5–6): 186-195.
10 Han C. Oral health disparities: racial, language and nativity effects. SSM Popul Health. 2019; 8: 100436.
11 Mehra VM, Costanian C, Khanna S, Tamim H. Dental care use by immigrant Canadians in Ontario: a cross-sectional analysis of the 2014 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). BMC Oral Health. 2019; 19: 9.
12 Pabbla A, Duijster D, Grasveld A, Sekundo C, Agyemang C, van der Heijden G. Oral health status, oral health behaviours and oral health care utilisation among migrants residing in Europe: a systematic review. J Immigr Minor Health. 2020; 23(2): 373-388.
13 Reda SM, Krois J, Reda SF, Thomson WM, Schwendicke F. The impact of demographic, health-related and social factors on dental services utilization: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2018; 75: 1-6.
14 Valdez R, Spinler K, Kofahl C, et al. Oral health literacy in migrant and ethnic minority populations: a systematic review. J Immigr Minor Health. 2021. doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01266-9 [Online ahead of print]
15 Lee JY, Divaris K. The ethical imperative of addressing oral health disparities: a unifying framework. J Dent Res. 2014; 93(3): 224-230.
16 Van Steenkiste M. Access to oral care and attitudes to the dentist by German and Turkish parents. Gesundheitswesen. 2004; 66(2): 93-101.
17 Wu B, Liang J, Luo H, Furter R. Racial and ethnic variations in preventive dental care utilization among middle-aged and older Americans, 1999–2008. Front Public Health. 2013; 1: 65.
18 Weintraub JA, Prakash P, Shain SG, Laccabue M, Gansky SA. Mothers’ caries increases odds of children's caries. J Dent Res. 2010; 89(9): 954-958.
19 Firmino RT, Ferreira FM, Martins CC, Granville-Garcia AF, Fraiz FC, Paiva SM. Is parental oral health literacy a predictor of children's oral health outcomes? Systematic review of the literature. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2018; 28(5): 459-471.
20 Batra M, Gupta S, Erbas B. Oral health beliefs, attitudes, and practices of south asian migrants: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16(11): 22.
21 Dahlan R, Badri P, Saltaji H, Amin M. Impact of acculturation on oral health among immigrants and ethnic minorities: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2019; 14(2):e0212891.
22 Sandelowski M, Voils C, Barroso J. Defining and designing mixed research synthesis studies. Res Sch. 2006; 13(1): 29.
23 Lizarondo L, Stern C, Carrier J, et al. Chapter 8: Mixed methods systematic reviews. In: E Aromataris, Z Munn, ed. Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer's Manual. The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2017.
24 Page M, McKenzie J, Bossuyt P, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021; 372: n71.
25 Marcus K, Balasubramanian M, Short S, Sohn W. Barriers and facilitators to oral health care utilization in culturally and linguistically diverse mothers: a mixed methods systematic review protocol. JBI Evi Synth. 2021; 19(3): 669-674.
26 WHO. Oral Health: Achieving better oral health as part of the universal health coverage and noncommunicable disease agendas towards 2030. 2020 23 December. Contract No.: EB148/8.
27 Creswell J. A Concise Introduction to Mixed Methods Research. SAGE; 2015.
28 Maxwell J. Chapter 7: Designing a qualitative study. In: LR Bickman, DJ Rog, eds. The SAGE Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods. SAGE Publications; 2009.
29 Penchansky R, Thomas J. The concept of access: definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Med Care. 1981; 19(2): 127-140.
30 Katrak P, Bialocerkowski AE, Massy-Westropp N, Kumar S, Grimmer KA. A systematic review of the content of critical appraisal tools. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004; 4(1): 22.
31 Lockwood C, Munn Z, Porritt K. Qualitative research synthesis: methodological guidance for systematic reviewers utilizing meta-aggregation. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015; 13(3): 179-187.
32 Dahlgren G, Whitehead M. The Dahlgren-Whitehead model of health determinants: 30 years on and still chasing rainbows. Public Health. 2021; 199: 20-24.
33 Nam S-H, Ko J-M, Ko H-J, et al. Oral health awareness and actual state of immigrant women in multicultural families. Indian J Sci Technol. 2016; 9(41): 1-8.
34 Croucher R, Sohanpal R. Improving access to dental care in East London's ethnic minority groups: community based, qualitative study. Community Dent Health. 2006; 23(2): 95-100.
35 Williams SA, Gelbier S. Access to dental health? An ethnic minority perspective of the dental services. Health Educ J. 1988; 47(4): 167-170.
36 Amin M, Perez A. Is the wait-for-patient-to-come approach suitable for African newcomers to Alberta, Canada? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2012; 40(6): 523-531.
37 Tiwari T, Mulvahill M, Wilson A, Rai N, Albino J. Association between maternal acculturation and health beliefs related to oral health of Latino children. BMC Oral Health. 2018; 18(1): 67.
38 Riggs E, Gussy M, Gibbs L, van Gemert C, Waters E, Kilpatrick N. Hard to reach communities or hard to access services? Migrant mothers’ experiences of dental services. Aust Dent J. 2014; 59(2): 201-207.
39 Hilton IV, Stephen S, Barker JC, Weintraub JA. Cultural factors and children's oral health care: a qualitative study of carers of young children. Community Dent Oral Epide miol. 2007; 35(6): 429-438.
40 Lukes SM. Oral health knowledge attitudes and behaviors of migrant preschooler parents. J Dent Hyg. 2010; 84(2): 87-93.
41 Kelly SE, Binkley CJ, Neace WP, Gale BS. Barriers to care-seeking for children's oral health among low-income caregivers. Am J Public Health. 2005; 95(8): 1345-1351.
42 Naidu RS, Nunn JH. Oral health knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of parents and caregivers of preschool children: Implications for oral health promotion. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2020; 18(2): 245-252.
43 Telleen S, Kim YOR, Chavez N, Barrett RE, Hall W, Gajendra S. Access to oral health services for urban low-income Latino children: social ecological influences. J Public Health Dent. 2012; 72(1): 8-18.
44 Grembowski D, Spiekerman C, Milgrom P. Racial and ethnic differences in a regular source of dental care and the oral health, behaviors, beliefs and services of low-income mothers. Community Dent Health. 2009; 26(2): 69-76.
45 Updegraff KA, Kuo SI, McHale SM, Umana-Taylor AJ, Wheeler LA. Parents’ traditional cultural values and mexican-origin young adults’ routine health and dental care. J Adolesc Health. 2017; 60(5): 513-519.
46 Williams NJ, Whittle JG, Gatrell AC. The relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and dental health knowledge and attitudes of parents with young children. Br Dent J. 2002; 193(11): 651-654.
47 Velez D, Palomo-Zerfas A, Nunez-Alvarez A, Ayala G, Finlayson T. Facilitators and barriers to dental care among Mexican migrant women and their families in North San Diego County. J Immigr Minor Health. 2017; 19(5): 1216-1226.
48 Zautra NT. Family and system influences on dental healthcare utilization: a dynamic framework of dental health disparities [Ph.D.]. Indiana University; 2018.
49 Mofidi M, Rozier RG, King RS. Problems with access to dental care for Medicaid-insured children: what caregivers think. Am J Public Health. 2002; 92(1): 53-58.
50 Reich SM, Ochoa W, Gaona A, et al. Disparities in caregivers’ experiences at the dentist with their young child. Acad Pediatr. 2019; 19(8): 969-977.
51 Heima M, Heaton L, Gunzler D, Morris N. A mediation analysis study: the influence of mothers’ dental anxiety on children's dental utilization among low-income African Americans. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2017; 45(6): 506-511.
52 Quandt SA, Clark HM, Rao P, Arcury TA. Oral health of children and adults in Latino migrant and seasonal farmworker families. J Immigr Minor Health. 2007; 9(3): 229-235.
53 Miltiades HB. Early childhood experiences, cultural beliefs, and oral health of Mexican American women. Hisp Health Care Int. 2013; 11(2): 87-94.
54 Gupta A, Feldman S, Perkins RB, Stokes A, Sankar V, Villa A. Predictors of dental care use, unmet dental care need, and barriers to unmet need among women: results from NHANES, 2011 to 2016. J Public Health Dent. 2019; 79(4): 324-333.
55 Newton JT, Thorogood N, Bhavnani V, Pitt J, Gibbons DE, Gelbier S. Barriers to the use of dental services by individuals from minority ethnic communities living in the United Kingdom: findings from focus groups. Prim Dent Care. 2001; 8(4): 157-161.
56 Watt RG. From victim blaming to upstream action: tackling the social determinants of oral health inequalities. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007; 35(1): 1-11.
57 Palmer G, Short S. Health Care and Public Policy: An Australian Analysis. 5th ed. Palgrave Macmillan; 2014.
58 Wang T, Mathur M, Schmidt H. Universal health coverage, oral health, equity and personal responsibility. Bull World Health Organ. 2020; 719-721.
59 Petersen PE, Kwan S. Equity, social determinants and public health programmes - the case of oral health. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2011; 39(6): 481-487.
60 Sabbah W, Gireesh A, Chari M, Delgado-Angulo EK, Bernabé E. Racial discrimination and uptake of dental services among American adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 20 19; 16(9): 1558.
61 Riedy CA, Weinstein P, Milgrom P, Bruss M. An ethnographic study for understanding children's oral health in a multicultural community. Int Dent J. 2001; 51(4): 305-312.
62 Balasubramanian M, Brennan DS, Short SD, Gallagher JE. A strife of interests: a qualitative study on the challenges facing oral health workforce policy and planning. Health Policy. 2019; 123(11): 1068-1075.
63 Harris RV, Pennington A, Whitehead M. Preventive dental visiting: a critical interpretive synthesis of theory explaining how inequalities arise. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2017; 45(2): 120-134.
64 Muirhead VE, Marcenes W, Wright D. Do health provider–patient relationships matter? Exploring dentist-patient relationships and oral health-related quality of life in older people. Age Ageing. 2014; 43(3): 399-405.
65 Scambler S, Klass C, Wright D, Gallagher JE. Insights into the oral health beliefs and practices of mothers from a north London Orthodox Jewish community. BMC Oral Health. 2010; 10(1): 14.
2 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, ed. UN. International Migration 2020 Highlights. United Nations; 2020.
3 Pham TTL, Berecki-Gisolf J, Clapperton A, O'Brien KS, Liu S, Gibson K. Definitions of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD): a literature review of epidemiological research in Australia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(2): 737.
4 Marcus K, Balasubramanian M, Short SD, Sohn W. Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD): terminology and standards in reducing healthcare inequalities. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2021; 46(1): 7-9.
5 Mathur MR, Williams DM, Reddy KS, Watt RG. Universal health coverage: a unique policy opportunity for oral health. J Dent Res. 2015; 94(3_suppl): 3S-5S.
6 Watt RG, Daly B, Allison P, et al. Ending the neglect of global oral health: time for radical action. Lancet. 2019; 394(10194): 261-272.
7 Sheiham A, Alexander D, Cohen L, et al. Global oral health inequalities: task group—implementation and delivery of oral health strategies. Adv Dent Res. 2011; 23(2): 259-267.
8 Mariño R, Wright C, Schofield M, Minichiello V, Calache H. Factors associated with self-reported use of dental health services among older Greek and Italian immigrants. Spec Care Dentist. 2005; 25(1): 29-36.
9 Wu B, Yaolin P, Zhang W, Northridge M. Immigrant status, resilience, and perceived oral health among Chinese Americans in Hawaii. Res Aging. 2020; 42(5–6): 186-195.
10 Han C. Oral health disparities: racial, language and nativity effects. SSM Popul Health. 2019; 8: 100436.
11 Mehra VM, Costanian C, Khanna S, Tamim H. Dental care use by immigrant Canadians in Ontario: a cross-sectional analysis of the 2014 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). BMC Oral Health. 2019; 19: 9.
12 Pabbla A, Duijster D, Grasveld A, Sekundo C, Agyemang C, van der Heijden G. Oral health status, oral health behaviours and oral health care utilisation among migrants residing in Europe: a systematic review. J Immigr Minor Health. 2020; 23(2): 373-388.
13 Reda SM, Krois J, Reda SF, Thomson WM, Schwendicke F. The impact of demographic, health-related and social factors on dental services utilization: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2018; 75: 1-6.
14 Valdez R, Spinler K, Kofahl C, et al. Oral health literacy in migrant and ethnic minority populations: a systematic review. J Immigr Minor Health. 2021. doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01266-9 [Online ahead of print]
15 Lee JY, Divaris K. The ethical imperative of addressing oral health disparities: a unifying framework. J Dent Res. 2014; 93(3): 224-230.
16 Van Steenkiste M. Access to oral care and attitudes to the dentist by German and Turkish parents. Gesundheitswesen. 2004; 66(2): 93-101.
17 Wu B, Liang J, Luo H, Furter R. Racial and ethnic variations in preventive dental care utilization among middle-aged and older Americans, 1999–2008. Front Public Health. 2013; 1: 65.
18 Weintraub JA, Prakash P, Shain SG, Laccabue M, Gansky SA. Mothers’ caries increases odds of children's caries. J Dent Res. 2010; 89(9): 954-958.
19 Firmino RT, Ferreira FM, Martins CC, Granville-Garcia AF, Fraiz FC, Paiva SM. Is parental oral health literacy a predictor of children's oral health outcomes? Systematic review of the literature. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2018; 28(5): 459-471.
20 Batra M, Gupta S, Erbas B. Oral health beliefs, attitudes, and practices of south asian migrants: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16(11): 22.
21 Dahlan R, Badri P, Saltaji H, Amin M. Impact of acculturation on oral health among immigrants and ethnic minorities: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2019; 14(2):e0212891.
22 Sandelowski M, Voils C, Barroso J. Defining and designing mixed research synthesis studies. Res Sch. 2006; 13(1): 29.
23 Lizarondo L, Stern C, Carrier J, et al. Chapter 8: Mixed methods systematic reviews. In: E Aromataris, Z Munn, ed. Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer's Manual. The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2017.
24 Page M, McKenzie J, Bossuyt P, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021; 372: n71.
25 Marcus K, Balasubramanian M, Short S, Sohn W. Barriers and facilitators to oral health care utilization in culturally and linguistically diverse mothers: a mixed methods systematic review protocol. JBI Evi Synth. 2021; 19(3): 669-674.
26 WHO. Oral Health: Achieving better oral health as part of the universal health coverage and noncommunicable disease agendas towards 2030. 2020 23 December. Contract No.: EB148/8.
27 Creswell J. A Concise Introduction to Mixed Methods Research. SAGE; 2015.
28 Maxwell J. Chapter 7: Designing a qualitative study. In: LR Bickman, DJ Rog, eds. The SAGE Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods. SAGE Publications; 2009.
29 Penchansky R, Thomas J. The concept of access: definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Med Care. 1981; 19(2): 127-140.
30 Katrak P, Bialocerkowski AE, Massy-Westropp N, Kumar S, Grimmer KA. A systematic review of the content of critical appraisal tools. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004; 4(1): 22.
31 Lockwood C, Munn Z, Porritt K. Qualitative research synthesis: methodological guidance for systematic reviewers utilizing meta-aggregation. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015; 13(3): 179-187.
32 Dahlgren G, Whitehead M. The Dahlgren-Whitehead model of health determinants: 30 years on and still chasing rainbows. Public Health. 2021; 199: 20-24.
33 Nam S-H, Ko J-M, Ko H-J, et al. Oral health awareness and actual state of immigrant women in multicultural families. Indian J Sci Technol. 2016; 9(41): 1-8.
34 Croucher R, Sohanpal R. Improving access to dental care in East London's ethnic minority groups: community based, qualitative study. Community Dent Health. 2006; 23(2): 95-100.
35 Williams SA, Gelbier S. Access to dental health? An ethnic minority perspective of the dental services. Health Educ J. 1988; 47(4): 167-170.
36 Amin M, Perez A. Is the wait-for-patient-to-come approach suitable for African newcomers to Alberta, Canada? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2012; 40(6): 523-531.
37 Tiwari T, Mulvahill M, Wilson A, Rai N, Albino J. Association between maternal acculturation and health beliefs related to oral health of Latino children. BMC Oral Health. 2018; 18(1): 67.
38 Riggs E, Gussy M, Gibbs L, van Gemert C, Waters E, Kilpatrick N. Hard to reach communities or hard to access services? Migrant mothers’ experiences of dental services. Aust Dent J. 2014; 59(2): 201-207.
39 Hilton IV, Stephen S, Barker JC, Weintraub JA. Cultural factors and children's oral health care: a qualitative study of carers of young children. Community Dent Oral Epide miol. 2007; 35(6): 429-438.
40 Lukes SM. Oral health knowledge attitudes and behaviors of migrant preschooler parents. J Dent Hyg. 2010; 84(2): 87-93.
41 Kelly SE, Binkley CJ, Neace WP, Gale BS. Barriers to care-seeking for children's oral health among low-income caregivers. Am J Public Health. 2005; 95(8): 1345-1351.
42 Naidu RS, Nunn JH. Oral health knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of parents and caregivers of preschool children: Implications for oral health promotion. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2020; 18(2): 245-252.
43 Telleen S, Kim YOR, Chavez N, Barrett RE, Hall W, Gajendra S. Access to oral health services for urban low-income Latino children: social ecological influences. J Public Health Dent. 2012; 72(1): 8-18.
44 Grembowski D, Spiekerman C, Milgrom P. Racial and ethnic differences in a regular source of dental care and the oral health, behaviors, beliefs and services of low-income mothers. Community Dent Health. 2009; 26(2): 69-76.
45 Updegraff KA, Kuo SI, McHale SM, Umana-Taylor AJ, Wheeler LA. Parents’ traditional cultural values and mexican-origin young adults’ routine health and dental care. J Adolesc Health. 2017; 60(5): 513-519.
46 Williams NJ, Whittle JG, Gatrell AC. The relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and dental health knowledge and attitudes of parents with young children. Br Dent J. 2002; 193(11): 651-654.
47 Velez D, Palomo-Zerfas A, Nunez-Alvarez A, Ayala G, Finlayson T. Facilitators and barriers to dental care among Mexican migrant women and their families in North San Diego County. J Immigr Minor Health. 2017; 19(5): 1216-1226.
48 Zautra NT. Family and system influences on dental healthcare utilization: a dynamic framework of dental health disparities [Ph.D.]. Indiana University; 2018.
49 Mofidi M, Rozier RG, King RS. Problems with access to dental care for Medicaid-insured children: what caregivers think. Am J Public Health. 2002; 92(1): 53-58.
50 Reich SM, Ochoa W, Gaona A, et al. Disparities in caregivers’ experiences at the dentist with their young child. Acad Pediatr. 2019; 19(8): 969-977.
51 Heima M, Heaton L, Gunzler D, Morris N. A mediation analysis study: the influence of mothers’ dental anxiety on children's dental utilization among low-income African Americans. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2017; 45(6): 506-511.
52 Quandt SA, Clark HM, Rao P, Arcury TA. Oral health of children and adults in Latino migrant and seasonal farmworker families. J Immigr Minor Health. 2007; 9(3): 229-235.
53 Miltiades HB. Early childhood experiences, cultural beliefs, and oral health of Mexican American women. Hisp Health Care Int. 2013; 11(2): 87-94.
54 Gupta A, Feldman S, Perkins RB, Stokes A, Sankar V, Villa A. Predictors of dental care use, unmet dental care need, and barriers to unmet need among women: results from NHANES, 2011 to 2016. J Public Health Dent. 2019; 79(4): 324-333.
55 Newton JT, Thorogood N, Bhavnani V, Pitt J, Gibbons DE, Gelbier S. Barriers to the use of dental services by individuals from minority ethnic communities living in the United Kingdom: findings from focus groups. Prim Dent Care. 2001; 8(4): 157-161.
56 Watt RG. From victim blaming to upstream action: tackling the social determinants of oral health inequalities. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007; 35(1): 1-11.
57 Palmer G, Short S. Health Care and Public Policy: An Australian Analysis. 5th ed. Palgrave Macmillan; 2014.
58 Wang T, Mathur M, Schmidt H. Universal health coverage, oral health, equity and personal responsibility. Bull World Health Organ. 2020; 719-721.
59 Petersen PE, Kwan S. Equity, social determinants and public health programmes - the case of oral health. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2011; 39(6): 481-487.
60 Sabbah W, Gireesh A, Chari M, Delgado-Angulo EK, Bernabé E. Racial discrimination and uptake of dental services among American adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 20 19; 16(9): 1558.
61 Riedy CA, Weinstein P, Milgrom P, Bruss M. An ethnographic study for understanding children's oral health in a multicultural community. Int Dent J. 2001; 51(4): 305-312.
62 Balasubramanian M, Brennan DS, Short SD, Gallagher JE. A strife of interests: a qualitative study on the challenges facing oral health workforce policy and planning. Health Policy. 2019; 123(11): 1068-1075.
63 Harris RV, Pennington A, Whitehead M. Preventive dental visiting: a critical interpretive synthesis of theory explaining how inequalities arise. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2017; 45(2): 120-134.
64 Muirhead VE, Marcenes W, Wright D. Do health provider–patient relationships matter? Exploring dentist-patient relationships and oral health-related quality of life in older people. Age Ageing. 2014; 43(3): 399-405.
65 Scambler S, Klass C, Wright D, Gallagher JE. Insights into the oral health beliefs and practices of mothers from a north London Orthodox Jewish community. BMC Oral Health. 2010; 10(1): 14.
Article Sidebar
Published
Nov 23, 2022
Article Details
How to Cite
Ali Mohammed Al Ahmari, Seham Muslih Alrashidi, Wejdan Mohammed Al dossari, Jeehan Mohmed Aldossri, Ashjan debshi alanezi, Ashwaq Abdullah Mohammed Assiri, Bandar zaid alotaibi, & Fatimah Mohammed salh Alamri. (2022). EXPLORING THE BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY IN PRIMARY CARE TEAMS: A QUALITATIVE STUDY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 1705-1726. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v29i04.4863
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Ali Mohammed Al Ahmari
Dentist Al Rawda Health Center 2 Riyadh
Seham Muslih Alrashidi
Dentist Al-Janadriyah Al-Sharqi Health Center Riyadh
Wejdan Mohammed Al dossari
Resident dentist Rawda Center 2 Riyadh
Jeehan Mohmed Aldossri
Dentist (G.P) Al Rawda Health Center 2 Riyadh
Ashjan debshi alanezi
Nursing technician Irqa health centre Riyadh
Ashwaq Abdullah Mohammed Assiri
Nursing Health centers affairs Riyadh
Bandar zaid alotaibi
General dentist East Riyadh Dental Clinics Center (Ministry of Health) Riyadh
Fatimah Mohammed salh Alamri
Nurse specialist Administration Complex / Third Settlemen
How to Cite
Ali Mohammed Al Ahmari, Seham Muslih Alrashidi, Wejdan Mohammed Al dossari, Jeehan Mohmed Aldossri, Ashjan debshi alanezi, Ashwaq Abdullah Mohammed Assiri, Bandar zaid alotaibi, & Fatimah Mohammed salh Alamri. (2022). EXPLORING THE BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY IN PRIMARY CARE TEAMS: A QUALITATIVE STUDY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 1705-1726. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v29i04.4863