EVALUATION OF OXIDATIVE EFFECTS OF CLARITHROMYCIN ON LIVER, KIDNEY AND GILLS OF OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Calithromycin, Oreochromis niloticus, Oxidative stress, ROS, Antioxidant, CAT, GPX, SOD
Abstract
Normally, the Clarithromycin antibiotic is used to treat skin infection and respiratory infections caused by bacteria but recent studies revealed that these antibiotics also initiate nausea, diarrhea, dyspepsia, headache, abdominal pain, angioedema, dizziness, and rash. Further, the antibiotics also produce highly reactive oxygen atom that are dangerous to aquatic life by inducing oxidative stress, cellular disturbance and changing membrane structure, finally. The imbalance between oxidants and anti-oxidents is called oxidative stress. Anti-oxidation mechanism in cells consist of enzymes like glutathione, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalases that act against oxidative stress as defense system. Assessment of oxidative effects of clarithromycin on various body organs such as; kidney, liver, and gills of Oreochromis niloticus were performed in this study. Fingerlings of O. niloticus with 1 year of age were used in this experiment and exposed to different doses of clarithromycin. Body organs were taken from fingerlings to examine anti-oxidant enzymes and then compared with control fingerlings. One-Way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were performed in statistical analysis. The results showed that the clarithromycin’s exposed fish were affected by cardiovascular diseases, anemia along with damaged body organs including kidney, liver, and gills. Further, elevated level of many antioxidant enzymes was also observed such as; superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase. The physico-chemical parameters such as total hardness, calcium, sodium, magnesium, water pH, temperature of water, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide, were monitored on a daily basis. Physico-chemical parameters of experimental groups were compared with control group of fish which shows that concentration of total hardness, calcium, magnesium, carbon dioxide, sodium changes according to the concentration of clarithromycin.While temperature of water and carbon dioxide increased and concentration of oxygen decreased as compare to control group of fish.
References
2. Aruljothi, B., & Sankar, S., 2014. Effect of Arsenic on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants system in fresh water fish, Labeorohita. International Journal Of Modern Research And Reviews, 2: 15-19.
3. Al-Ghanim., 2014. Effect of an organophosphate insecticide diazinon on the activity of acetylcholinesterase and lipid peroxidation of a common carp, CyprinuscarpioL.Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 46: 161-166.
4. Monteiro, D. A., De Almeida, J. A., Rantin, F. T., & Kalinin, A. L. (2006). Oxidative stress biomarkers in the freshwater characid fish, Brycon cephalus, exposed to organophosphorus insecticide Folisuper 600 (methyl parathion). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 143(2): 141-149.
5. Atamaniuk, T., Kubrak, O., Storey, K., & Lushcha, V., 2013. Oxidative stress as a mechanism for toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D): studies with goldfish gills. Ecotoxicology, 22: 1498-1508.
6. Ayadi,I., Ayadi, S.M., Monteiro, I., Regaya, A., Coimbra, F., Fernandes, M.M., Oliveira, F., & Peixotod, W. M., 2015. Biochemical and histological changes in the liver and gills of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus exposed to Red 195 dye RSC Adv., 5: 87168-87178.
7. American Public Health Association.,1926. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water (Vol. 6). American Public Health Association.
8. Broedbaek, K., Weimann, A., Stovgaard, E. S., & Poulsen, H. E., 2011.Urinary 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine as a biomarker in type 2 diabetes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 51(8); 1473-1479.
9. Chopra, I., & Roberts, M., 2018. Tetracycin antibiotics: Mode of action, Applications, Molecular biology, and Epidemology of bacterial resistance. Antimirob, 3: 16-17.
10. Christen, A., Ingerslev, M. F., & Baun, A., 2006. Ecotoxicity of mixtures of antibiotics used in aquaculture. Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25: 2208-2215.
11. DiGiulio, R. T., & Meyer, J. N., 2008. Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. The toxicology of fishes, 273-324.
12. Deavall, D. G., Martin, E. A., Horner, J. M., & Roberts, R., 2012. Drug-induced oxidative stress and toxicity. Journal of toxicology, 2012.
13. Eknath, A. E., & Hulata, G., 2009. Use and exchange of genetic resources of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Reviews in Aquaculture, 1(3‐4): 197-213.
14. Iwayama, K., Kusakabe, A., Ohtsu, K., Nawano, T., Tatsunamis, R., Ohtaki, K., Tampo, Y., & Hayase, N., 2017. Long-term treatment of clarithromycin at a low concentration improves hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in human small airway epithelial cells by increasing Nrf2 mRNA expression. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2: 18-15.
15. IBGE, C., 2013. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Ministério do planejamento, orçamento e gestão, 2010.
16. Isik, I., & Celik, I., 2008. Acute effects of methyl parathion and diazinon as inducers for oxidative stress on certain biomarkers in various tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, 92(1): 38-42.
17. Krishnamurthy, P., & Wadhwani, A., 2012. Antioxidant enzymes and human health. Antioxidant enzyme, 1: 3-18.
18. Kalghatgi, S., Spina, C. S., Costello, J. C., Liesa, M., Morones-Ramirez, J. R., Slomovic, S., & Collins, J. J., 2013. Bactericidal antibiotics induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in mammalian cells. Science translational medicine, 5(192): 192ra85-192ra85.
19. Kochhann, D., Benaduce, A. P. S., Copatti, C. E., Lorenzatto, K. R., Mesko, M. F., Flores, E. M., & Baldisserotto, B., 2009. Protective effect of high alkalinity against the deleterious effects of chronic waterborne cadmium exposure on the detection of alarm cues by juvenile silver catfish (Rhamdi aquelen). Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 56: 770-775.
20. Liti, D. M., Waidbacher, H., Straif, M., Mbaluka, R. K., Munguti, J. M., & Kyenze, M. M., 2006. Effects of partial and complete replacement of freshwater shrimp meal (Caridinea niloticusroux) with a mixture of plant protein sources on growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) in fertilized ponds. Aquaculture Research, 37(5): 477-483.
21. Limbu, S. M., Zhou, L., Sun, S. X., Zhang, M. L., & Du, Z. Y., 2018. Chronic exposure to low environmental concentrations and legal aquaculture doses of antibiotics cause systemic adverse effects in Nile tilapia and provoke differential human health risk. Environment international, 115: 205-219.
22. Larsen, E. L., Cejvanovic, V., Kjær, L. K., Pedersen, M. T., Popik, S. D., Hansen, L. K., & Poulsen, H. E., 2017. Clarithromycin, trimethoprim, and penicillin and oxidative nucleic acid modifications in humans: randomised, controlled trials. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 83(8): 1643-1653.
23. Massarsky, A., Kozal, J. S., & Di Giulio, R. T.,2017. Glutathione and zebrafish: Old assays to address a current issue. Chemosphere, 168: 707-715.
24. Maier, C. M., & Chan, P. H., 2002. Book review: role of superoxide dismutases in oxidative damage and neurodegenerative disorders. The Neuroscientist, 8(4): 323-334.
25. Mayane, S.T., 2003. Antioxidant nutrients and chronic diseases:use of biomarkers of exposure and oxidative stress in epidemiologic research. Journal of Nutrition, 133: 933-940.
26. Oruç, E. Ö., & Usta, D., 2007. Evaluation of oxidative stress responses and neurotoxicity potential of diazinon in different tissues of Cyprinuscarpio. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 23(1): 48-55.
27. Ray, P. D., Huang, B. W., & Tsuji, Y., 2012. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and redox regulation in cellular signaling. Cellular signalling, 24(5): 981-990.
28. Sies, H., 1993. Strategies of antioxidant defense. European journal of biochemistry, 215(2): 213-219.
29. De Pádua, S. B., & da Cruz, C., 2014. Health challenges in tilapia culture in Brazil. Aquaculture Asia Pacific, 10(2): 37-39.
30. Paglia, D. E., & Valentine, W. N., 1967. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine, 70(1): 158-169.
31. Rodvold, K. A., 1999. Clinical pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin.Clinical pharmacokinetics, 37(5): 385-398.
32. Romero, M., Martin-Cuadrado, A. B., Roca-Rivada, A., Cabello, A. M., & Otero, A., 2011. Quorum quenching in cultivable bacteria from dense marine coastal microbial communities. FEMS microbiology ecology, 75(2): 205-217.
33. Regoli, F., Giuliani, M. E., Benedetti, M., & Arukwe, A., 2011. Molecular and biochemical biomarkers in environmental monitoring: a comparison of biotransformation and antioxidant defense systems in multiple tissues. Aquatic toxicology, 105(3-4): 56-66.
34. Scandalios, J. G., 2005. Oxidative stress: molecular perception and transduction of signals triggering antioxidant gene defenses. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research, 38: 995-1014.
35. Shi, F., Huang, Y., Yang, M., Lu, Z., Li, Y., Zhan, F., & Qin, Z., 2022. Antibiotic-induced alternations in gut microflora are associated with the suppression of immune-related pathways in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Frontiers in Immunology, 13: 970125.
36. Shi, F., Zi, Y., Lu, Z., Li, F., Yang, M., Zhan, F., & Qin, Z., 2020. Bacillus subtilis H2 modulates immune response, fat metabolism and bacterial flora in the gut of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 106: 8-20.
37. Sharbidre, A. A., Metkari, V., &KaPatode, P., 2011.Effect of diazin on on acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology, 5: 152-161.
38. Sayeed, I., Parvez, S., Pandey, S., Bin-Hafeez, B., Haque, R., & Raisuddin, S., 2003. Oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure to deltamethrin in freshwater fish, Channa punctatus Bloch. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 56(2): 295-301.
39. Ma, T. K. W., Chow, K. M., Choy, A. S. M., Kwan, B. C. H., Szeto, C. C., & Li, P. K. T., 2014. Clinical manifestation of macrolide antibiotic toxicity in CKD and dialysis patients. Clinical kidney journal, 7(6): 507-512.
40. Tacon, A. G., Hasan, M. R., &Metian, M., 2011. Demand and supply of feed ingredients for farmed fish and crustaceans: trends and prospects. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture technical paper, (564): I.
41. Lushchak, V. I., 2014. Free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and its classification.Chemico-biological interactions, 224: 164-175.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Sahrish Naqvi
Institute of Zoology, BahauddinZakariya University, Multan
Kashif Jilani
Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
Tahira Ruby
Institute of Zoology, BahauddinZakariya University, Multan
Mah Noor Khan
Department of Zoology, University of Jhang, Jhang
Sheikh Muhammad Azam
Department of Zoology, Division of Science & Technology, University of Education, Lahore
Ayesha Imtiaz
Institute of Zoology, BahauddinZakariya University, Multan
Fatima Ameer
Institute of Zoology, BahauddinZakariya University, Multan
Aeman Malik
Institute of Zoology, BahauddinZakariya University, Multan
Maryam Arshad
Institute of Zoology, BahauddinZakariya University, Multan
Afifa Khan
Institute of Zoology, BahauddinZakariya University, Multan
Mazhar Hussain
Institute of Zoology, BahauddinZakariya University, Multan
Hamza Ali
Institute of Zoology, BahauddinZakariya University, Multan
Momil Liaqat
Institute of Zoology, BahauddinZakariya University, Multan