FACTOR STRUCTURE OF REACTIVE-PROACTIVE AGGRESSION IN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS, GENDER DIFFERENCES AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH PSYCHOPATHY
Main Article Content
Keywords
Antisocial Traits, Callousness, Egocentricity, Proactive Aggression, Reactive Aggression
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the factor structure of Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ), applicability of two factor model across the gender and it association with psychopathy. Sample of the current study was consisted of 600 undergraduate students (300 male and 300 female) aged between 17 and 25 years. Data was collected by using cross-sectional method. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques were utilized to assess the data. For this purpose, five latent variables were identified: reactive aggression, proactive aggression, egocentricity, callousness and antisocial traits of psychopathy. Results of the current study overall supported the two-factor model of the RPQ and applicability of the same model across the gender. Furthermore, sub scales of RPQ evidenced differential correlates with psychopathy. Proactive aggression was significantly positively associated, whereas reactive aggression was significantly negatively related with the callousness. Reactive aggression was significantly positively associated with antisocial factor. Furthermore, results revealed that both reactive and proactive aggressions were also associated with egocentricity however; this relationship was stronger for later variable. Empirical findings confirmed the prevalence of reactive and proactive aggression and its association with psychopathy among undergraduate students and suggested that there is utmost need to modify these traits by counselling because both are responsible for the development of psychopathic traits that subsequently leads towards the criminal and violent behavior.
References
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10. Blais, J., Solodukhin, E., & Forth, A. E. (2014). A meta-analysis exploring the relationship between psychopathy and instrumental versus reactive violence. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(7), 797-821.
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14. Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 219–229.
15. Buzina, N. (2012). Psychopathy – Historical controversies and new diagnostic approach. Psychiatriadanubina, 24(2), 134-142.
16. Byrne, B. M. (2012). Choosing structural equation modeling computer software: Snapshots of LISREL, EQS, AMOS, and Mplus.
17. Carlson, M., & Miller, N. (1988). Bad experiences and aggression. Sociology and Social Research, 72, 155–158.
18. Chase, A.K., O’Leary, D.K., & Heyman, E.R. (2001). Categorizing partner-violent men within the reactive-proactive typology model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(3), 567-72.
19. Cima, M., & Raine, A. (2009). Distinct characteristics of psychopathy relate to different subtypes of aggression. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 835-840.
20. Cima, M., Raine, A., Meesters, C., & Popma, A. (2013). Validation of the Dutch Reactive Proactive Questionnaire (RPQ): Differential correlates of reactive and proactive Aggression from childhood to adulthood. Aggressive Behavior, 39(2), 99-113.
21. Coid, J., Yang, M., Ullrich, S., Roberts, A., Moran, P., Bebbington, P., & Hare, R. (2009). Psychopathy among prisoners in England and Wales. International Journal of Law Psychiatry, 32(3), 134-141.Doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.02.008
22. Connor, D.F., Steingard, R.J., Anderson, J.J., & Melloni, R.H. (2003). Gender differences in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 33(4), 279-294.
23. Cooper, H. (2012). A Review of “The Psychopath Test: A Journey Through The Madness Industry” Jon Ronson, New York, NY.
24. Cornell, D. J., Warren, J., Hawk, G., Stafford, E., Oram, G., & Pine, D. (1996). Psychopathy in instrumental and reactive violent offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(4), 783-790.https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.4.783
25. Crego, C., & Widiger, T. A. (2014). Psychopathy and DSM. Journal of Personality, Doi: 10.1111 /jopy.12115.
26. Crick, N.R. (1995). Relational aggression: The role of intent attributions, feelings of distress, and provocation type. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 313–322.
27. Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.
28. Dil, S., & Kazmi, F. (2016). Psychopathic Inclination among Incarcerated Youth of Hazara Division Pakistan. Sage Open, 6(3), 1-6. Doi: 10.1177/2158244016671558.
29. Dinić, B. M., & Raine, A. (2019). An item response theory analysis and further validation of the Reactive–Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ): The Serbian adaptation of the RPQ. Journal of Personality Assessment. DOI:10.1080/00223891.2019.1573430
30. Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children’s peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53 (6), 1146-1158.
31. Dodge, K. A., Lochman, J. E., Harnish, J. D., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1997). Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(1), 37–51.
32. Eagly, A.H., & Steffen, V.J. (1986). Gender and aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 309–330.
33. Fanti, A.K., Vanman, J.E., Henrich, C.C., &Avraamides, N.M. (2009). Desensitization to media violence over a short period of time. Aggressive Behavior, 35(2), 179-87
34. Flight, J. I., & Forth, A. E. (2007). Instrumentally violent youths: The roles of psychopathic traits, empathy, and attachment. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(6), 739-751.
35. Frick, J.P., Cornell, H.A., Dane, E.H., & Bodin, D.S. (2003). Callous-Unemotional Traits and Developmental Pathways to Severe Conduct Problems. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 246-60
36. Fung, A. L.-C., Raine, A., & Gao, Y. (2009). Cross-cultural generalizability of the reactive–proactive aggression questionnaire (RPQ). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(5), 473-479.
37. Garofalo, C., & Neumann, C.S. (2018). Psychopathy and emotion regulation: Taking stock and moving forward. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, pp, 76–97.
38. Geen, R.G. (2001). Human Aggression, second ed. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
39. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis with Reading. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
40. Hare, R. D., Hart, S. D., & Harpur, T. J. (1991). Psychopathy and the DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 391.
41. Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2005). Structural models of psychopathy. Current psychiatry reports, 7(1), 57.
42. Hubbard, J. A., Dodge, K. A., Cillessen, A. H. N., Coie, J. D., & Schwartz, D. (2001). The dyadic nature of social information processing in boys reactive an proactive aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(2), 268-280.
43. Jambroes, T., Jansen, L. M., vd Ven, P. M., Claassen, T., Glennon, J. C., Vermeiren, R. R., et al. (2018). Dimensions of psychopathy in relation to proactive and reactive aggression: Does intelligence matter? Personality and Individual Differences, 129, 76-82.
44. Jung, J., Krahé, B., & Busching, R. (2017). Differential Risk Profiles for Reactive and Proactive Aggression. Social Psychology, 71-84. DOI https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000298
45. Kempes, M., Matthys, W., Vries, D.H., & Engeland, V.H. (2005). Reactive and proactive aggression in children a review of theory, findings and the relevance for child and adolescent psychiatry. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 14(1), 11-9.
46. Kruh, I. P., Frick, P. J., & Clements, C. B. (2005). Historical and personality correlates to the violence patterns of juveniles tried as adults. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32(1), 69-96.
47. Lewis, M., Ireland, A. C., Derefaka, G., Taylor, L., McBoyle, J., Smillie, L., Chu,S., & Archer, J. (2019). Self-reported psychopathy and aggression motivation: a role for emotions? Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 31, 156-181.
48. Lockwood, P. L., Bird, G., Bridge, M., & Viding, E. (2013). Dissecting empathy: high levels of psychopathic and autistic traits are characterized by difficulties in different social information processing domains. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 760.
49. Lynam, D. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2008). The Stability of Psychopathy From Adolescence Into Adulthood The Search for Moderators. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(2), 228-243.
50. Marsee, M. A., & Frick, P. J. (2007). Exploring the cognitive and emotional correlates to proactive and reactive aggression in a sample of detained girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(6), 969-981.
51. Meloy, J. R. (1988). The psychopathic mind: Origins, dynamics, and treatment: Rowman & Littlefield.
52. Pardini, D. A. (2006). The callousness pathway to severe violent delinquency. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 32(6), 590-598.
53. Parrott, D. J., & Giancola, P. R. (2007). Addressing "The criterion problem" in the assessment of aggressive behavior: Development of a new taxonomic system. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(3), 280 299.
54. Patrick, C.J. (2001). Emotional processes in psychopathy. Violence and Psychopathy. New York: Kluwer/Plenum, pp. 57–77.
55. Perenc, L., & Radochonski, M. (2013). Psychopathic Traits and Reactive-Proactive Aggression in a Large Community Sample of Polish Adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 45(4), 464-471.
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Published
Nov 18, 2023
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Dr. Sonia Shagufta, Dr. Sharif Ullah Jan, Dr. Salma Andleeb, & Sidra Wahab. (2023). FACTOR STRUCTURE OF REACTIVE-PROACTIVE AGGRESSION IN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS, GENDER DIFFERENCES AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH PSYCHOPATHY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(18), 2293–2311. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i18.3438
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Author Biographies
Dr. Sonia Shagufta
Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar
Dr. Sharif Ullah Jan
Islamia College University Peshawar
Dr. Salma Andleeb
Islamia College University Peshawar
Sidra Wahab
M. Phil Student