MOTIVATION, EMOTIONAL REGULATION, PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT AND BURNOUT IN WOMEN ATHLETES

Main Article Content

Rimsha Aiman
Afsheen Masood
Maham Abdullah
Iqra Shafqat
Aamina Bibi
Basita Sagheer

Keywords

Motivation, Emotional Regulation, Perceived Social Support, Burnout & Women Athletes.

Abstract

A cross-sectional research design was used to execute the quantitative study on motivation, emotional regulation, perceived social support, and burnout in women athletes. It was hypothesized that motivation, emotional regulation, and perceived social support would have a negative correlation with burnout. The sample consisted of female student-athletes (n=150) between the age range of 18 to 25 years who were selected from different universities of Lahore using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. In addition to the demographic information sheet, Sports Motivation Scale (Pelletier et al., 2013). Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John 2003), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al., 1988), and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (Raedeke & Smith, 2009) were used to assess the relationship among the variables. The data was analyzed using Pearson Product Moment correlation and linear regression analysis using SPSS version 20. Results also indicated that motivation, perceived social support, and reappraisal had a negative correlation with burnout while suppression had a positive correlation with burnout. Perceived social support and reappraisal were significant predictors of burnout. This study sheds light on the field of sports psychology and how motivation, emotional regulation, perceived social support, and burnout can be explained in women athletes' lives.

Abstract 288 | PDF Downloads 167

References

1. Ahmed, J., & Jamshaid, F. (2014). Intrinsic motivation: An analysis for elite Pakistani athletes of various major sports and games. Journal of Management Info, 3(1), 47-57.
https://doi.org/10.31580/jmi.v3i1.10
2. Amorose, A. J., Anderson-Butcher, D., & Cooper, J. (2009). Predicting changes in athletes' wellbeing from changes in need satisfaction over the course of a competitive season. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(2), 386-392.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2009.10599575
3. Atkinson, J. W. (1957). Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychological Review, 64(6), 359. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043445
4. Baruch-Feldman, C., Brondolo, E., Ben-Dayan, D., & Schwartz, J. (2002). Sources of social support and burnout, job satisfaction, and productivity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(1), 84-93. https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-8998.7.1.84
5. Bibi, I. (2016). Professional Problems Affecting Sports Participation: Evidences of Female Elite Athlete in Pakistan.
6. Clara, I. P., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., Murray, L. T., & Torgrudc, L. J. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in clinically distressed and student samples. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81(3), 265-270.
https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8103_09
7. Coakley, J. (1992). Burnout among adolescent athletes: A personal failure or social problem? Sociology of Sport Journal, 9(3), 271-285. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.9.3.271
8. Cresswell, S. L., & Eklund, R. C. (2005). Motivation and burnout in professional rugby players. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 76(3), 370-376.
https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000155398.71387.c2
9. Cutuli, D. (2014). Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies role in the emotion regulation: an overview on their modulatory effects and neural correlates. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.11.022
10. Dalgard, O. S. (2009). Social support-Definition and scope. European Union Public Health Information System (EUPHIX). EUphact. Bilthoven: RIVM.
11. DeFreese, J. D., & Smith, A. L. (2013). Teammate social support, burnout, and self-determined motivation in collegiate athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(2), 258-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.10.009
12. Duda, J. L. (2005). Motivation in sport. A handbook of competence and motivation, 318-335.
13. Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn‐out. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
14. Gagné, M., & Blanchard, C. (2007). Self-determination theory and well-being in athletes. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Exercise and Sport.
15. Gillet, N., Vallerand, R. J., Amoura, S., & Baldes, B. (2010). Influence of coaches' autonomy support on athletes' motivation and sport performance: A test of the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(2), 155-161.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.10.004
16. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
17. Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion Regulation: Conceptual Foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–24). The Guilford Press.
18. Jibeen, T. (2015). Personality dimensions and emotional problems: The mediating role of irrational beliefs in Pakistani adult non‐clinical sample. International Journal of Psychology, 50(2), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12069
19. Hanin, Y. L. (2010). Coping with anxiety in sport. Coping in sport: Theory, Methods, and Related Constructs, 159-175.
20. Kahn, R. L., & Antonucci, T. C. (1980). Convoys over the life course: Attachment, roles, and social support. Life-span Development and Behavior.
21. Lakey, B., & Orehek, E. (2011). Relational regulation theory: a new approach to explain the link between perceived social support and mental health. Psychological Review, 118(3), 482. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023477
22. Li, C., Wang, C. K. J., Pyun, D. Y., & Kee, Y. H. (2013). Relationships between self-determined motivation and burnout among athletes: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(5), 692-700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.04.009
23. Loutsch, J. A. (2007). Perceived social support systems during athletic injury recovery in collegiate club sport athletes. West Virginia University.
24. Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The Cost of Caring. ISHK.
25. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397-422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
26. Jagacinski, C. M., & Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Conceptions of ability and related affects in task involvement and ego involvement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(5), 909–919. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.76.5.909
27. Ntoumanis, N., Taylor, I. M., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2012). A longitudinal examination of coach and peer motivational climates in youth sport: Implications for moral attitudes, well-being, and behavioral investment. Developmental Psychology, 48(1), 213.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024934
28. Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 329-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002
29. Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2009). Athlete Burnout Questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/t00804-000
30. Reinboth, M., & Duda, J. L. (2006). Perceived motivational climate, need satisfaction and indices of well-being in team sports: A longitudinal perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(3), 269-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.06.002
31. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.68
32. Silva III, J. M. (1990). An analysis of the training stress syndrome in competitive athletics. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2(1), 5-20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10413209008406417
33. Smith, R. E. (1986). Toward a cognitive-affective model of athletic burnout. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8(1), 36-50. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.8.1.36
34. Soto, J. A., Perez, C. R., Kim, Y. H., Lee, E. A., & Minnick, M. R. (2011). Is expressive suppression always associated with poorer psychological functioning? A cross-cultural comparison between European Americans and Hong Kong Chinese. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 11(6), 1450–1455. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023340
35. Udry, E., Gould, D., Bridges, D., & Tuffey, S. (1997). People helping people? Examining the social ties of athletes coping with burnout and injury stress. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(4), 368-395. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.19.4.368
36. Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. NY: John Wiley & Sons, 45.
37. Williams, M. (2001). The role of the individual in motivation theory. Motivation and Second Language Acquisition, 23, 171.
38. Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa520