ANALYSIS OF TRACHEO BRONCHIAL FOREIGN BODY WITH RESPECT TO SEX AGE TYPE AND PRESENTATION

Abstract

Background: Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration is a life-threatening pediatric emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and management. It is most commonly seen in young children due to their tendency to explore objects orally and immature airway protective reflexes. Understanding the demographic profile, type of foreign body, and clinical presentation is essential for early recognition and improved outcomes.

Objective: To analyze tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in 50 patients with respect to age, sex, type of foreign body, and clinical presentation.

Methods: This observational study was conducted in the Department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery at Ayub teaching Hospital MTI, Abbottabad. A total of 50 patients diagnosed with tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration and confirmed by rigid bronchoscopy were included. Data regarding age, sex, type of foreign body, site of impaction, clinical features, duration of symptoms, radiological findings, and procedural outcomes were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results: Out of 50 patients, a male predominance was observed with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 2:1. The most affected age group was 1–5 years, accounting for the majority of cases. Organic foreign bodies were most common (approximately 70–75%), with peanuts, seeds, and nuts being the leading objects, followed by inorganic materials such as plastic parts, beads, and metallic objects. The right main bronchus was the most frequent site of lodgment due to its anatomical orientation. The most common presenting symptoms were sudden onset cough (85–90%), choking episodes (70–75%), wheezing (60–65%), and respiratory distress (40–50%). Delayed presentation beyond 24–48 hours was associated with complications including pneumonia, atelectasis, and persistent fever. Rigid bronchoscopy achieved successful removal in the majority of cases with minimal complications and no mortality.

Conclusion: Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration predominantly affects male children under five years of age, with organic materials being the most commonly aspirated objects. Sudden cough and choking remain key diagnostic clues. Early suspicion, prompt imaging, and timely rigid bronchoscopy are critical for reducing morbidity and preventing complications. Public education regarding child supervision and avoidance of small food items is essential for prevention.