GOODAIR NON-ELECTRIC CAR AIR PURIFIER IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MOTION SICKNESS: A REVIEW OF CLINICAL EVIDENCE AND MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Motion sickness; In-cabin air quality; non-electric air purifier; Impregnated Carbon; GOODAIR
Abstract
Motion sickness during daily car travel remains a prevalent yet underaddressed challenge, particularly within modern and emerging autonomous mobility systems where passengers increasingly assume passive travel roles. Sensory conflict, individual susceptibility, and in-cabin environmental stressors interact to influence symptom onset and severity. Conventional pharmacological and behavioural management approaches present limitations related to side effects, user dependence, and lack of preventive continuity, prompting growing interest in alternative strategies. This review synthesises current evidence on motion sickness in car travel with a focused emphasis on environmental determinants and examines the mechanistic rationale, safety considerations, and practical relevance of the GOODAIR non-electric car air purifier as a brand-specific environmental intervention. A narrative review approach was employed, integrating findings from motion sickness research, environmental health studies, and vehicle-centred comfort literature. Particular attention is given to sensory conflict mechanisms, in-vehicle air quality, and impregnated carbon–based gas adsorption as contributors to passenger comfort. The reviewed literature supports the concept that stabilisation of cabin air quality may reduce exposure to sensory irritants that exacerbate motion-related discomfort. Non-electric in-car air purification emerges as a non-invasive, preventive adjunct aligned with passenger-centric design principles in future mobility ecosystems. Further research across diverse travel contexts is warranted to strengthen the evidence base and clarify long-term implications.
References
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2. Andrievskaia, P., Berti, S., Spaniol, J., & Keshavarz, B. (2023). Exploring neurophysiological correlates of visually induced motion sickness using electroencephalography (EEG). Experimental brain research, 241(10), 2463-2473.
3. Bastola, A., Wang, H., Boroujeni, S. P. H., Brinkley, J., Moshayedi, A. J., & Razi, A. (2025). Driving Towards Inclusion: A Systematic Review of AI-powered Accessibility Enhancements for People with Disability in Autonomous Vehicles. IEEE Access.
4. Cao, J. J., Huang, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2021). Ambient air purification by nanotechnologies: from theory to application. Catalysts, 11(11), 1276.
5. Cha, Y. H., Golding, J. F., Keshavarz, B., Furman, J., Kim, J. S., Lopez-Escamez, J. A., ... & Advisors:. (2021). Motion sickness diagnostic criteria: Consensus Document of the Classification Committee of the Bárány Society. Journal of Vestibular Research, 31(5), 327-344.
6. Chang, E., Kim, H. T., & Yoo, B. (2020). Virtual reality sickness: a review of causes and measurements. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 36(17), 1658-1682.
7. Constantin, D., Mazilescu, C. A., Nagi, M., Draghici, A., & Mihartescu, A. A. (2016). Perception of cabin air quality among drivers and passengers. Sustainability, 8(9), 852.
8. El Falou, W., Duchêne, J., Grabisch, M., Hewson, D., Langeron, Y., & Lino, F. (2003). Evaluation of driver discomfort during long-duration car driving. Applied ergonomics, 34(3), 249-255.
9. Faber, J., & Brodzik, K. (2017). Air quality inside passenger cars. AIMS Environmental Science, 4(1).
10. Golding, J. F., Rafiq, A., & Keshavarz, B. (2021). Predicting individual susceptibility to visually induced motion sickness by questionnaire. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 2, 576871.
11. Hesketh, R., Jones, L., Hinrichs-Krapels, S., Kirk, A., & Johnson, S. (2017, June). Air quality improvement initiatives in other cities.
12. Holländer, K., Colley, M., Rukzio, E., & Butz, A. (2021, May). A taxonomy of vulnerable road users for hci based on a systematic literature review. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1-13).
13. Iskander, J., Attia, M., Saleh, K., Nahavandi, D., Abobakr, A., Mohamed, S., ... & Hossny, M. (2019). From car sickness to autonomous car sickness: A review. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 62, 716-726.
14. ISLAM, M. J. (2024). Real-Time Feedback-Driven Framework For Automated Cybersickness Mitigation.
15. Jeddi, D. (2024). Developing a human-centric strategy for the future design of agricultural tractor cabs: optimising user interaction and ergonomics.
16. Jianhong, S. U. N., Mboreha, C. A., Yan, W. A. N. G., & Zhi, S. U. N. (2022). A Review on Effects of Personalised Ventilation Systems on Air Quality and Thermal Comfort in Aircraft Cabin Mini⁃ Environments. Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 39(2).
17. Karadimitriou, N., Cheru, F., Wondimu, A., Yacobi, H., Eyob, A. E., Belay, F., ... & Yoseph, S. (2021). The state of Addis Ababa 2021: Towards a healthier city.
18. Keshavarz, B., & Golding, J. F. (2022). Motion sickness: current concepts and management. Current opinion in neurology, 35(1), 107-112.
19. Keshavarz, B., Andrievskaia, P., & Berti, S. (2025). Individual-difference factors in visually induced motion sickness and vection: Findings from multiple studies on field dependence, age, and biological sex. Journal of Vestibular Research, 09574271251388971.
20. Khararoodi, M. G., Haghighat, F., & Lee, C. S. (2022). Removal of indoor air ozone using carbon-based filters: Systematic development and validation of a predictive model. Building and Environment, 219, 109157.
21. Kuiper, O. X., Bos, J. E., Diels, C., & Schmidt, E. A. (2020). Knowing what's coming: Anticipatory audio cues can mitigate motion sickness. Applied ergonomics, 85, 103068.
22. Kumar, G. P., Anilakumar, K. R., Sekhar, Y. C., & Sharma, R. K. (2020). Motion Sickness Manifestations and Prevention. Defence Life Science Journal, 5(3), 230-237.
23. Lim, S., Mudway, I., Molden, N., Holland, J., & Barratt, B. (2022). Identifying trends in ultrafine particle infiltration and carbon dioxide ventilation in 92 vehicle models. Science of The Total Environment, 812, 152521.
24. Liu, M., & Wang, B. (2025). Integrating natural non-pharmaceutical therapies into medical tourism: a dynamic health portrait-driven model for proactive older adult health and public health services. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1580082.
25. Lukacova, I., Keshavarz, B., & Golding, J. F. (2023). Measuring the susceptibility to visually induced motion sickness and its relationship with vertigo, dizziness, migraine, syncope and personality traits. Experimental Brain Research, 241(5), 1381-1391.
26. Murzyn, F., Sioutas, C., Cavellin, L. D., Joly, F., Baudic, A., Mehel, A., ... & Rouland, B. P. (2021). Assessment of air quality in car cabin in and around Paris from on-board measurements and comparison with 2007 data. journal of Aerosol Science, 158, 105822.
27. Pereira, E., Macedo, H., Lisboa, I. C., Sousa, E., Machado, D., Silva, E., ... & Costa, N. (2024). Motion sickness countermeasures for autonomous driving: Trends and future directions. Transportation Engineering, 15, 100220.
28. PINTO, D. (2023). CH4 and CO2 utilisation by unsteady-state operation (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. Thesis, Technische Universität Delft, Delft, NL, 2023 Search PubMed).
29. Polymeropoulos, V. M., Czeisler, M. É., Gibson, M. M., Anderson, A. A., Miglo, J., Wang, J., ... & Polymeropoulos, M. H. (2020). Tradipitant in the treatment of motion sickness: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Frontiers in Neurology, 11, 563373.
30. Reader, G. T. (2023). Preparing Today for Nourishing Tomorrow: A Perspective. In Nourishing Tomorrow: Clean Engineering and Nature-friendly Living (pp. 1-113).
31. Reinert, L., Ondarts, M., Duclaux, L., Guy, F., Moonen, P., Planes, E., ... & Soneda, Y. (2025). Indoor air treatment of formaldehyde by N-enriched activated carbon beads with or without CuO/Cu supported nanoparticles. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 107870.
32. Rini, G., Menga, N., Musci, M., Dell’Annunziata, G. N., Ponticelli, L., Sakhnevych, A., ... & Bottiglione, F. (2025). Comprehensive Control for Autonomous Vehicles: From Vehicle-to Human-Centric or From Integrated to Holistic?. IEEE Access, 13, 188661-188686.
33. Roksic, S. (2021). An inclusive design approach to integrating an external human-machine interface with autonomous vehicles (Master's thesis, California Polytechnic State University).
34. Santos, J. N. P. (2023). Effect of micro electric vehicles in traffic emissions in an urban context (Master's thesis, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (Portugal)).
35. Sendhilnathan, N., Zhang, T., Lafreniere, B., Grossman, T., & Jonker, T. R. (2022, October). Detecting input recognition errors and user errors using gaze dynamics in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (pp. 1-19).
36. Tekkesinoglu, S., Habibovic, A., & Kunze, L. (2025). Advancing explainable autonomous vehicle systems: A comprehensive review and research roadmap. ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction, 14(3), 1-46.
37. Venkatakrishnan, R., Venkatakrishnan, R., Raveendranath, B., Sarno, D. M., Robb, A. C., Lin, W. C., & Babu, S. V. (2023). The effects of auditory, visual, and cognitive distractions on cybersickness in virtual reality. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 30(8), 5350-5369.
38. Wang, H., Guo, D., Zhang, W., Zhang, R., Gao, Y., Zhang, X., ... & Koutrakis, P. (2023). Observation, prediction, and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in a vehicle cabin environment. Cell Reports Physical Science, 4(4).
39. Wang, J., & Lewis, R. F. (2016). Contribution of intravestibular sensory conflict to motion sickness and dizziness in migraine disorders. Journal of neurophysiology, 116(4), 1586-1591.
40. Wang, Z., Krishnakumari, P., Anupam, K., van Lint, H., & Erkens, S. (2024). A causal discovery approach to study key mixed traffic‐related factors and age of highway affecting raveling. Computer‐Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 39(19), 2861-2880.
41. Wei, D., Nielsen, F., Karlsson, H., Ekberg, L., & Dalenbäck, J. O. (2023). Vehicle cabin air quality: influence of air recirculation on energy use, particles, and CO2. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(15), 43387-43402.
42. Xu, B., Chen, X., & Xiong, J. (2018). Air quality inside motor vehicles' cabins: a review. Indoor and Built Environment, 27(4), 452-465.
43. Yip, S. H., & Saunders, J. A. (2023). Restricting the distribution of visual attention reduces cybersickness. Cognitive research: principles and implications, 8(1), 18.
44. Yunus, I., Papaioannou, G., Jerrelind, J., & Drugge, L. (2025). A review of vehicle dynamics and control approaches for mitigating motion sickness in autonomous vehicles. IEEE Access.
45. Zhang, R., Zhao, M., Wang, H., Wang, H., Kong, H., Wang, K., ... & Xiong, J. (2024). Cabin air dynamics: Unraveling the patterns and drivers of volatile organic compound distribution in vehicles. PNAS nexus, 3(7), pgae243.
46. Zhang, Y., Guo, Z., Zhuo, L., An, N., & Han, Y. (2023). Ventilation strategies for highly Occupied public environments: a review. Buildings, 13(7), 1642.
47. Zong, H., Fei, Y., & Liu, N. (2025). Circadian Disruption and Sleep Disorders in Astronauts: A Review of Multi-Disciplinary Interventions for Long-Duration Space Missions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(11), 5179.
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May 09, 2026
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Dr Shyam Mukundan, Mohammed Shafeeque, & Shinil T S. (2026). GOODAIR NON-ELECTRIC CAR AIR PURIFIER IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MOTION SICKNESS: A REVIEW OF CLINICAL EVIDENCE AND MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 33(2), 783-799. https://doi.org/10.69980/b9qd0h57
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Author Biographies
Dr Shyam Mukundan
PHYSICIAN KMC Mangalore, Karnataka, India
Mohammed Shafeeque
Founder & Director Vidya Academy of Science and Technology BTech in Computer Science Calicut University
Shinil T S
Founder & Director Bharathiar University Coimbatore
How to Cite
Dr Shyam Mukundan, Mohammed Shafeeque, & Shinil T S. (2026). GOODAIR NON-ELECTRIC CAR AIR PURIFIER IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MOTION SICKNESS: A REVIEW OF CLINICAL EVIDENCE AND MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 33(2), 783-799. https://doi.org/10.69980/b9qd0h57
