THE IMPACT OF EPIGENETICS AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATIONS IN THE PROGRESSION AND TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER
Main Article Content
Keywords
Breast cancer, chemoresistance, epigenetics.
Abstract
Breast cancer has become the second leading reason behind cancer-related deaths among women across the globe. The extensively reported chemoresistance has resulted in limited treatment options for this disease, emphasizing the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. Epigenetics, a field of biological research,refers to heritable changes in gene expression that occur without alterations to the DNA sequence. This sophisticated phenomenon plays vital role in gene regulation. Breast cancer being a heterogeneous disease, undergoes various adaptive changes over time, leading to more aggressive biological characteristics and resistance to treatment. Epigenetic modifications significantly influence both the initiation and progression of breast cancer.Recent advances in epigenomic profiling have revealed aberrant DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA expression patterns associated with tumour development and metastasis. These epigenetic markers not only serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic tools but also offer promising targets for therapeutic intervention. Drugs that reverse such modifications, termed epidrugs, are currently under investigation for their ability to re-sensitize tumors to conventional therapies. Moreover, combining epigenetic therapy with immunotherapy or chemotherapy is showing potential in overcoming resistance mechanisms. Understanding the dynamic nature of epigenetic regulation in breast cancer could pave the way for more personalized and effective treatment approaches in the near future.
References
1. Santos Jr GC, da Silva AP, Feldman L, Ventura GM, Vassetzky Y, de Moura Gallo CV. Epigenetic modifications, chromatin distribution and TP53 transcription in a model of breast cancer progression. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2015 Apr;116(4):533-41.
2. Thomas S, Thurn KT, Raha P, Chen S, Munster PN. Efficacy of histone deacetylase and estrogen receptor inhibition in breast cancer cells due to concerted down regulation of Akt. PloS one. 2013 Jul 9;8(7):e68973.
3. Cava C, Bertoli G, Castiglioni I. Integrating genetics and epigenetics in breast cancer: biological insights, experimental, computational methods and therapeutic potential. BMC systems biology. 2015 Dec;9:1-36.
4. Sawan C, Vaissière T, Murr R, Herceg Z. Epigenetic drivers and genetic passengers on the road to cancer. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 2008 Jul 3;642(1-2):1-3.
5. Gürel Ç, Nursal AF, Yiğit S. Epigenetics and Cancer. TurkiyeKlinikleri J Radiat Oncol-Special Topics 2016;2(1):45-51.
6. Harmston N, Lenhard B. Chromatin and epigenetic features of long-range gene regulation. Nucleic acids research. 2013 Aug 1;41(15):7185-99.
7. Karami Fath M, Azargoonjahromi A, Kiani A, Jalalifar F, Osati P, Akbari Oryani M, Shakeri F, Nasirzadeh F, Khalesi B, Nabi-Afjadi M, Zalpoor H. The role of epigenetic modifications in drug resistance and treatment of breast cancer. Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters. 2022 Dec;27(1):52.
8. Elsheikh SE, Green AR, Rakha EA, Powe DG, Ahmed RA, Collins HM, Soria D, Garibaldi JM, Paish CE, Ammar AA, Grainge MJ. Global histone modifications in breast cancer correlate with tumour phenotypes, prognostic factors, and patient outcome. Cancer research. 2009 May 1;69(9):3802-9.
9. Li Q, Ren P, Shi P, Chen Y, Xiang F, Zhang L, Wang J, Lv Q, Xie M. MicroRNA-148a promotes apoptosis and suppresses growth of breast cancer cells by targeting B-cell lymphoma 2. Anti-cancer drugs. 2017 Jul 1;28(6):588-95.
10. Cedar H, Bergman Y. Linking DNA methylation and histone modification: patterns and paradigms. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2009 May;10(5):295-304.
11. Bots M, Johnstone RW. Rational combinations using HDAC inhibitors. Clinical cancer research. 2009 Jun 15;15(12):3970-7.
12. Elsheikh SE, Green AR, Rakha EA, Powe DG, Ahmed RA, Collins HM, Soria D, Garibaldi JM, Paish CE, Ammar AA, Grainge MJ. Global histone modifications in breast cancer correlate with tumour phenotypes, prognostic factors, and patient outcome. Cancer research. 2009 May 1;69(9):3802-9.
13. Connolly R, Stearns V. Epigenetics as a therapeutic target in breast cancer. Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia. 2012 Dec;17:191-204.
14. Schneider A, Chatterjee S, Bousiges O, Selvi BR, Swaminathan A, Cassel R, Blanc F, Kundu TK, Boutillier AL. Acetyltransferases (HATs) as targets for neurological therapeutics. Neurotherapeutics. 2013 Oct 1;10(4):568-88.
15. Engin MM, Engin EÖ, Eröz R, Dulger G, Yüce H. Effects of Epigenetic Regulation on Cancer. Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research. 2021 Apr 4;5(1):1-7.
16. Guo P, Chen W, Li H, Li M, Li L. The histone acetylation modifications of breast cancer and their therapeutic implications. Pathology & Oncology Research. 2018 Oct;24:807-13.
17. Stankevicins L, Barat A, Dessen P, Vassetzky Y, de Moura Gallo CV. The microRNA-205-5p is correlated to metastatic potential of 21T series: A breast cancer progression model. PLoS One. 2017 Mar 27;12(3):e0173756.
18. Derr RS, van Hoesel AQ, Benard A, Goossens-Beumer IJ, Sajet A, Dekker-Ensink NG, de Kruijf EM, Bastiaannet E, Smit VT, van de Velde CJ, Kuppen PJ. High nuclear expression levels of histone-modifying enzymes LSD1, HDAC2 and SIRT1 in tumour cells correlate with decreased survival and increased relapse in breast cancer patients. BMC cancer. 2014 Dec;14:1-1.
19. Federico M, Bagella L. Histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of hematological malignancies and solid tumours. BioMed Research International. 2011;2011(1):475641.
20. Chatterjee N, Wang WL, Conklin T, Chittur S, Tenniswood M. Histone deacetylase inhibitors modulate miRNA and mRNA expression, block metaphase, and induce apoptosis in inflammatory breast cancer cells. Cancer biology & therapy. 2013 Jul 10;14(7):658-71.
21. Biswas S, Rao CM. Epigenetics in cancer: fundamentals and beyond. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2017 May 1;173:118-34.
22. Herman JG, Baylin SB. Gene silencing in cancer in association with promoter hypermethylation. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 Nov 20;349(21):2042-54.
23. Robertson KD. DNA methylation and human disease. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2005 Aug 1;6(8):597-610.
24. Wu SC, Zhang Y. Active DNA demethylation: many roads lead to Rome. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology. 2010 Sep;11(9):607-20.
25. Rodríguez-Paredes M, Esteller M. Cancer epigenetics reaches mainstream oncology. Nature medicine. 2011 Mar;17(3):330-9.
26. Friedman RC, Farh KK, Burge CB, Bartel DP. Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. Genome research. 2009 Jan 1;19(1):92-105.
27. Bogdanović O, Veenstra GJ. DNA methylation and methyl-CpG binding proteins: developmental requirements and function. Chromosoma. 2009 Oct;118:549-65.
28. Jones PL, Veenstra GJ, Wade PA, Vermaak D, Kass SU, Landsberger N, et al. Methylated DNA and MeCP2 recruit histone deacetylase to repress transcription. Nat Genet 1998;19(2):187–91.
29. Nan X, Ng HH, Johnson CA, Laherty CD, Turner BM, Eisenman RN, et al. Transcriptional repression by the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 involves a histone deacetylase complex [see comments]. Nature 1998;393(6683):386–9.
30. Fuks F, Hurd PJ, Wolf D, Nan X, Bird AP, Kouzarides T. The methylCpG-binding protein MeCP2 links DNA methylation to histone methylation. J Biol Chem 2003;278(6):4035–40.
31. Huang TH, Laux DE, Hamlin BC, Tran P, Tran H, Lubahn DB.
Identification of DNA methylation markers for human breast carcinomas using the methylation-sensitive restriction fingerprinting
technique. Cancer Res 1997;57(6):1030–4.
32. Huang TH, Perry MR, Laux DE. Methylation profiling of CpG
islands in human breast cancer cells. Hum Mol Genet 1999;8(3):
459–70.
33. Chen CM, Chen HL, Hsiau TH, Hsiau AH, Shi H, Brock GJ, et al.
Methylation target array for rapid analysis of CpG island hypermethylation in multiple tissue genomes. Am J Pathol
2003;163(1):37–45.
34. ayden MS, Ghosh S (2012) NF-κB, the first quarter-century: remarkable progress and outstanding questions. Genes Dev 26:203– 234.
35. Nelson DE, Ihekwaba AE, Elliott M et al (2004) Oscillations in NFkappaBsignalling control the dynamics of gene expression. Science 306:704–708.
36. Oeckinghaus A, Ghosh S (2009) The NF-kappaB family of transcription factors and its regulation. Cold Spring Harb PerspectBiol1:a000034.
37. Vallabhapurapu S, Karin M (2009) Regulation and function of NF-kappaB transcription factors in the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol 27:693–733.
38. Cao Y, Bonizzi G, Seagroves TN, Greten FR, Johnson R, Schmidt EV, Karin M. IKKα provides an essential link between RANK signalling and cyclin D1 expression during mammary gland development. Cell. 2001 Dec 14;107(6):763-75.
39. Herrington FD, Carmody RJ, Goodyear CS. Modulation of NF-κBsignalling as a therapeutic target in autoimmunity. Journal of biomolecular screening. 2016 Mar;21(3):223-42.
40. Nehra R, Riggins RB, Shajahan AN, Zwart A, Crawford AC, Clarke R. BCL2 and CASP8 regulation by NF-κB differentially affect mitochondrial function and cell fate in antiestrogen-sensitive and-resistant breast cancer cells. The FASEB Journal. 2010 Jun;24(6):2040.
41. Zhou Y, Yau C, Gray JW, Chew K, Dairkee SH, Moore DH, Eppenberger U, Eppenberger-Castori S, Benz CC. Enhanced NFκB and AP-1 transcriptional activity associated with antiestrogen resistant breast cancer. BMC cancer. 2007 Dec;7:1-5.
42. Zhou Y, Eppenberger-Castori S, Eppenberger U, Benz CC. The NFκB pathway and endocrine-resistant breast cancer. Endocrine-related cancer. 2005 Jul 1;12(Supplement_1):S37-46.
43. Yu H, Lee H, Herrmann A, Buettner R, Jove R. Revisiting STAT3 signalling in cancer: new and unexpected biological functions. Nature reviews cancer. 2014 Nov;14(11):736-46.
44. Avalle L, Camporeale A, Camperi A, Poli V. STAT3 in cancer: A double edged sword. Cytokine. 2017 Oct 1;98:42-50.
45. Siveen KS, Sikka S, Surana R, Dai X, Zhang J, Kumar AP, Tan BK, Sethi G, Bishayee A. Targeting the STAT3 signalling pathway in cancer: role of synthetic and natural inhibitors. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-reviews on cancer. 2014 Apr 1;1845(2):136-54.
46. Dinakar YH, Kumar H, Mudavath SL, Jain R, Ajmeer R, Jain V. Role of STAT3 in the initiation, progression, proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer and strategies to deliver JAK and STAT3 inhibitors. Life Sciences. 2022 Nov 15;309:120996.
47. Chang RX, Song LL, Xu Y, Wu YJ, Dai C, Wang XY, Sun X, Hou YY, Li W, Zhan XB, Zhan LX. Loss of Wwox drives metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer by JAK2/STAT3 axis. Nat Commun. 2018;9:12
48. Segatto I, Berton S, Sonego M, Massarut S, Perin T, Piccoli E, Colombatti A, Vecchione A, Baldassarre G, Belletti B. Surgery-induced wound response promotes stem-like and tumour-initiating features of breast cancer cells, via STAT3 signalling. Oncotarget. 2014 Aug;5(15):6267.
49. Walker SR, Xiang M, Frank DA. Distinct roles of STAT3 and STAT5 in the pathogenesis and targeted therapy of breast cancer. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2014 Jan 25;382(1):616-21.
50. Wang T, Fahrmann JF, Lee H, Li YJ, Tripathi SC, Yue C, Zhang C, Lifshitz V, Song J, Yuan Y, Somlo G. JAK/STAT3-regulated fatty acid β-oxidation is critical for breast cancer stem cell self-renewal and chemoresistance. Cell metabolism. 2018 Jan 9;27(1):136-50.
2. Thomas S, Thurn KT, Raha P, Chen S, Munster PN. Efficacy of histone deacetylase and estrogen receptor inhibition in breast cancer cells due to concerted down regulation of Akt. PloS one. 2013 Jul 9;8(7):e68973.
3. Cava C, Bertoli G, Castiglioni I. Integrating genetics and epigenetics in breast cancer: biological insights, experimental, computational methods and therapeutic potential. BMC systems biology. 2015 Dec;9:1-36.
4. Sawan C, Vaissière T, Murr R, Herceg Z. Epigenetic drivers and genetic passengers on the road to cancer. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 2008 Jul 3;642(1-2):1-3.
5. Gürel Ç, Nursal AF, Yiğit S. Epigenetics and Cancer. TurkiyeKlinikleri J Radiat Oncol-Special Topics 2016;2(1):45-51.
6. Harmston N, Lenhard B. Chromatin and epigenetic features of long-range gene regulation. Nucleic acids research. 2013 Aug 1;41(15):7185-99.
7. Karami Fath M, Azargoonjahromi A, Kiani A, Jalalifar F, Osati P, Akbari Oryani M, Shakeri F, Nasirzadeh F, Khalesi B, Nabi-Afjadi M, Zalpoor H. The role of epigenetic modifications in drug resistance and treatment of breast cancer. Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters. 2022 Dec;27(1):52.
8. Elsheikh SE, Green AR, Rakha EA, Powe DG, Ahmed RA, Collins HM, Soria D, Garibaldi JM, Paish CE, Ammar AA, Grainge MJ. Global histone modifications in breast cancer correlate with tumour phenotypes, prognostic factors, and patient outcome. Cancer research. 2009 May 1;69(9):3802-9.
9. Li Q, Ren P, Shi P, Chen Y, Xiang F, Zhang L, Wang J, Lv Q, Xie M. MicroRNA-148a promotes apoptosis and suppresses growth of breast cancer cells by targeting B-cell lymphoma 2. Anti-cancer drugs. 2017 Jul 1;28(6):588-95.
10. Cedar H, Bergman Y. Linking DNA methylation and histone modification: patterns and paradigms. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2009 May;10(5):295-304.
11. Bots M, Johnstone RW. Rational combinations using HDAC inhibitors. Clinical cancer research. 2009 Jun 15;15(12):3970-7.
12. Elsheikh SE, Green AR, Rakha EA, Powe DG, Ahmed RA, Collins HM, Soria D, Garibaldi JM, Paish CE, Ammar AA, Grainge MJ. Global histone modifications in breast cancer correlate with tumour phenotypes, prognostic factors, and patient outcome. Cancer research. 2009 May 1;69(9):3802-9.
13. Connolly R, Stearns V. Epigenetics as a therapeutic target in breast cancer. Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia. 2012 Dec;17:191-204.
14. Schneider A, Chatterjee S, Bousiges O, Selvi BR, Swaminathan A, Cassel R, Blanc F, Kundu TK, Boutillier AL. Acetyltransferases (HATs) as targets for neurological therapeutics. Neurotherapeutics. 2013 Oct 1;10(4):568-88.
15. Engin MM, Engin EÖ, Eröz R, Dulger G, Yüce H. Effects of Epigenetic Regulation on Cancer. Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research. 2021 Apr 4;5(1):1-7.
16. Guo P, Chen W, Li H, Li M, Li L. The histone acetylation modifications of breast cancer and their therapeutic implications. Pathology & Oncology Research. 2018 Oct;24:807-13.
17. Stankevicins L, Barat A, Dessen P, Vassetzky Y, de Moura Gallo CV. The microRNA-205-5p is correlated to metastatic potential of 21T series: A breast cancer progression model. PLoS One. 2017 Mar 27;12(3):e0173756.
18. Derr RS, van Hoesel AQ, Benard A, Goossens-Beumer IJ, Sajet A, Dekker-Ensink NG, de Kruijf EM, Bastiaannet E, Smit VT, van de Velde CJ, Kuppen PJ. High nuclear expression levels of histone-modifying enzymes LSD1, HDAC2 and SIRT1 in tumour cells correlate with decreased survival and increased relapse in breast cancer patients. BMC cancer. 2014 Dec;14:1-1.
19. Federico M, Bagella L. Histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of hematological malignancies and solid tumours. BioMed Research International. 2011;2011(1):475641.
20. Chatterjee N, Wang WL, Conklin T, Chittur S, Tenniswood M. Histone deacetylase inhibitors modulate miRNA and mRNA expression, block metaphase, and induce apoptosis in inflammatory breast cancer cells. Cancer biology & therapy. 2013 Jul 10;14(7):658-71.
21. Biswas S, Rao CM. Epigenetics in cancer: fundamentals and beyond. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2017 May 1;173:118-34.
22. Herman JG, Baylin SB. Gene silencing in cancer in association with promoter hypermethylation. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 Nov 20;349(21):2042-54.
23. Robertson KD. DNA methylation and human disease. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2005 Aug 1;6(8):597-610.
24. Wu SC, Zhang Y. Active DNA demethylation: many roads lead to Rome. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology. 2010 Sep;11(9):607-20.
25. Rodríguez-Paredes M, Esteller M. Cancer epigenetics reaches mainstream oncology. Nature medicine. 2011 Mar;17(3):330-9.
26. Friedman RC, Farh KK, Burge CB, Bartel DP. Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. Genome research. 2009 Jan 1;19(1):92-105.
27. Bogdanović O, Veenstra GJ. DNA methylation and methyl-CpG binding proteins: developmental requirements and function. Chromosoma. 2009 Oct;118:549-65.
28. Jones PL, Veenstra GJ, Wade PA, Vermaak D, Kass SU, Landsberger N, et al. Methylated DNA and MeCP2 recruit histone deacetylase to repress transcription. Nat Genet 1998;19(2):187–91.
29. Nan X, Ng HH, Johnson CA, Laherty CD, Turner BM, Eisenman RN, et al. Transcriptional repression by the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 involves a histone deacetylase complex [see comments]. Nature 1998;393(6683):386–9.
30. Fuks F, Hurd PJ, Wolf D, Nan X, Bird AP, Kouzarides T. The methylCpG-binding protein MeCP2 links DNA methylation to histone methylation. J Biol Chem 2003;278(6):4035–40.
31. Huang TH, Laux DE, Hamlin BC, Tran P, Tran H, Lubahn DB.
Identification of DNA methylation markers for human breast carcinomas using the methylation-sensitive restriction fingerprinting
technique. Cancer Res 1997;57(6):1030–4.
32. Huang TH, Perry MR, Laux DE. Methylation profiling of CpG
islands in human breast cancer cells. Hum Mol Genet 1999;8(3):
459–70.
33. Chen CM, Chen HL, Hsiau TH, Hsiau AH, Shi H, Brock GJ, et al.
Methylation target array for rapid analysis of CpG island hypermethylation in multiple tissue genomes. Am J Pathol
2003;163(1):37–45.
34. ayden MS, Ghosh S (2012) NF-κB, the first quarter-century: remarkable progress and outstanding questions. Genes Dev 26:203– 234.
35. Nelson DE, Ihekwaba AE, Elliott M et al (2004) Oscillations in NFkappaBsignalling control the dynamics of gene expression. Science 306:704–708.
36. Oeckinghaus A, Ghosh S (2009) The NF-kappaB family of transcription factors and its regulation. Cold Spring Harb PerspectBiol1:a000034.
37. Vallabhapurapu S, Karin M (2009) Regulation and function of NF-kappaB transcription factors in the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol 27:693–733.
38. Cao Y, Bonizzi G, Seagroves TN, Greten FR, Johnson R, Schmidt EV, Karin M. IKKα provides an essential link between RANK signalling and cyclin D1 expression during mammary gland development. Cell. 2001 Dec 14;107(6):763-75.
39. Herrington FD, Carmody RJ, Goodyear CS. Modulation of NF-κBsignalling as a therapeutic target in autoimmunity. Journal of biomolecular screening. 2016 Mar;21(3):223-42.
40. Nehra R, Riggins RB, Shajahan AN, Zwart A, Crawford AC, Clarke R. BCL2 and CASP8 regulation by NF-κB differentially affect mitochondrial function and cell fate in antiestrogen-sensitive and-resistant breast cancer cells. The FASEB Journal. 2010 Jun;24(6):2040.
41. Zhou Y, Yau C, Gray JW, Chew K, Dairkee SH, Moore DH, Eppenberger U, Eppenberger-Castori S, Benz CC. Enhanced NFκB and AP-1 transcriptional activity associated with antiestrogen resistant breast cancer. BMC cancer. 2007 Dec;7:1-5.
42. Zhou Y, Eppenberger-Castori S, Eppenberger U, Benz CC. The NFκB pathway and endocrine-resistant breast cancer. Endocrine-related cancer. 2005 Jul 1;12(Supplement_1):S37-46.
43. Yu H, Lee H, Herrmann A, Buettner R, Jove R. Revisiting STAT3 signalling in cancer: new and unexpected biological functions. Nature reviews cancer. 2014 Nov;14(11):736-46.
44. Avalle L, Camporeale A, Camperi A, Poli V. STAT3 in cancer: A double edged sword. Cytokine. 2017 Oct 1;98:42-50.
45. Siveen KS, Sikka S, Surana R, Dai X, Zhang J, Kumar AP, Tan BK, Sethi G, Bishayee A. Targeting the STAT3 signalling pathway in cancer: role of synthetic and natural inhibitors. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-reviews on cancer. 2014 Apr 1;1845(2):136-54.
46. Dinakar YH, Kumar H, Mudavath SL, Jain R, Ajmeer R, Jain V. Role of STAT3 in the initiation, progression, proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer and strategies to deliver JAK and STAT3 inhibitors. Life Sciences. 2022 Nov 15;309:120996.
47. Chang RX, Song LL, Xu Y, Wu YJ, Dai C, Wang XY, Sun X, Hou YY, Li W, Zhan XB, Zhan LX. Loss of Wwox drives metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer by JAK2/STAT3 axis. Nat Commun. 2018;9:12
48. Segatto I, Berton S, Sonego M, Massarut S, Perin T, Piccoli E, Colombatti A, Vecchione A, Baldassarre G, Belletti B. Surgery-induced wound response promotes stem-like and tumour-initiating features of breast cancer cells, via STAT3 signalling. Oncotarget. 2014 Aug;5(15):6267.
49. Walker SR, Xiang M, Frank DA. Distinct roles of STAT3 and STAT5 in the pathogenesis and targeted therapy of breast cancer. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2014 Jan 25;382(1):616-21.
50. Wang T, Fahrmann JF, Lee H, Li YJ, Tripathi SC, Yue C, Zhang C, Lifshitz V, Song J, Yuan Y, Somlo G. JAK/STAT3-regulated fatty acid β-oxidation is critical for breast cancer stem cell self-renewal and chemoresistance. Cell metabolism. 2018 Jan 9;27(1):136-50.
Article Sidebar
Published
Jan 28, 2026
Article Details
How to Cite
Sinha Ashutosh Kumar, Jiaul Ahmed Mazumder, Rupajit Bhattacharjee, Priyanka Majumder, & Kuntal Manna. (2026). THE IMPACT OF EPIGENETICS AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATIONS IN THE PROGRESSION AND TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 33(2), 381-388. https://doi.org/10.53555/2hcrvt05
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Sinha Ashutosh Kumar
Tetri Chandravansi Pharmacy College, Ramchandra Chandravansi University, Nawadihkala, Bishrampur, Palamu, Jharkhand- 822124
Jiaul Ahmed Mazumder
Bir Bikram College of Pharmacy, Dalura, Khayerpur, Old Agartala, West Tripura- 799008
Rupajit Bhattacharjee
Research Scholar- PhD., Department of Pharmacy, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Agartala, West Tripura- 799022
Priyanka Majumder
Head, School of Pharmacy, Dhamma Dipa International Buddhist University,
Bishnupur, Manu Bankul, Sabroom, South Tripura-799145
Kuntal Manna
Head, Department of Pharmacy, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Agartala, West Tripura- 799022
How to Cite
Sinha Ashutosh Kumar, Jiaul Ahmed Mazumder, Rupajit Bhattacharjee, Priyanka Majumder, & Kuntal Manna. (2026). THE IMPACT OF EPIGENETICS AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATIONS IN THE PROGRESSION AND TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 33(2), 381-388. https://doi.org/10.53555/2hcrvt05
