ANTIOXIDANT STATUS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
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Keywords
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Oxidative Stress, Malondialdehyde (MDA), Vitamin C, Lipid Peroxidation, Cardiovascular Risk
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a global public health priority marked by an irreversible decline in renal function1. Emerging research identifies redox imbalance—where reactive oxygen species (ROS) overwhelm innate antioxidant defenses—as a critical driver of CKD progression and associated cardiovascular complications.
Objectives: This study aimed to assess renal function and oxidative status by estimating serum urea, creatinine, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in CKD patients compared to healthy controls3. Additionally, it sought to evaluate antioxidant defense through Vitamin C levels and lipid profiles to determine their association with cardiovascular risk.
Materials and Methods: A prospective hospital-based case-control study was conducted involving 150 subjects (100 CKD cases and 50 healthy controls) at the Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences. Serum parameters including urea, creatinine, MDA (Draper and Hadley method), Vitamin C (Aye Kyaw method), and a full lipid profile were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s unpaired t-test and Karl Pearson’s correlation.
Results: The mean concentrations of serum creatinine (7.116 mg/dL) and blood urea (93.14 mg/dL) were significantly higher in cases compared to controls (p < 0.001). Oxidative stress was markedly elevated in CKD patients, with mean MDA levels at 6.01 nmol/ml compared to 2.72 nmol/ml in controls (p < 0.001). Conversely, Vitamin C and HDL levels were significantly depleted in the case group (p < 0.001). CKD patients also exhibited a pro-atherogenic lipid profile with significantly elevated Total Cholesterol and LDL levels.
Conclusion: Patients with CKD experience a profound biochemical imbalance characterized by heightened oxidative stress and diminished antioxidant defenses12. The significant rise in MDA and depletion of Vitamin C facilitate lipid peroxidation and endothelial damage, contributing to high cardiovascular morbidity13. These findings suggest that integrating redox-status monitoring and targeted antioxidant therapies, such as Vitamin C supplementation, may improve clinical outcomes in the renal population.
References
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Dr Sahana Y
Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Shivamogga, Karnataka.
Dr Pramod N J
Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Shivamogga, Karnataka.
Dr Rakshitha M N
Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Shivamogga, Karnataka.
