A STUDY OF CORRELATION OF CLARKE’S ANGLE IN DOMINANT FOOT AND NON-DOMINANT FOOT IN AIR RIFFLE SHOOTERS.

Main Article Content

Miss. Mohini Laxman Shinde
Dr. Nayala Diwan

Keywords

Dominant and non-dominant foot, Air riffle shoot

Abstract

Precision, control, and seamless coordination between the eye, nervous system, and musculoskeletal system are essential in the sport of shooting. Foot alignment affects balance and stability, crucial for air rifle shooting. Clarke's angle measures foot alignment. Performance and injury risks to the lower extremity musculoskeletal system in sports can vary based on the diverse midsole characteristics of shoes, including hardness, materials, and structure, influencing their functions. Dominant leg is used to lead out in movement or to manipulate an object and non-dominant leg. The alignment and structure of the foot’s arches, especially the medial longitudinal arch, greatly influence an athlete's capacity to maintain a stable shooting stance. Methodology: A cross-sectional study. In this cross-sectional study, 80 participants (age: 17.78 ± 2.86) 35male and 45 female riffle shooters were included. They were asessed for foot dominance by waterloo footedness questionnaire and Clarke’s angle measurement using static foot print impression. Using ruler and protractor angle was measured. Clarkes angle were obtained of dominant and non-dominant foot and interpretation was made. Results: study found that the significant correlation of clarke’s angle in the dominant and non-dominant foot among air rifle shooters. these findings revealed a statistically significant correlation, with a p-value of < 0.0001, indicating a highly significant relationship. the correlation coefficient (r = 0.88) suggests a strong positive correlation, indicating that the arch of the dominant foot is closely related to that of the non-dominant foot. this suggests that shooters exhibit a balanced foot posture, which may contribute to stability and performance during shooting. Conclusion The study conducted among riffle shooters including participants aging from 12 to 24 years in riffle shooter academy reveals, that there is significant correlation of clarke’s angle in dominant and non-dominant foot in air riffle shooters The results of the study show that among air rifle shooters, Clarke's angle in the dominant and non-dominant foot has a significant positive correlation (r = 0.879). This implies a close relationship between the arch structures of the two feet, which could help with balance and postural stability while shooting. A symmetrical foot position is probably essential for maximizing effectiveness when shooting an air rifle, given the strong connection. These findings emphasize the importance of foot mechanics in sports requiring for precise balance and control. Future research should examine how foot asymmetry affects players' injury avoidance techniques and shooting accuracy.

Abstract 0 | PDF Downloads 0

References

1. Smith J, Brown T, Wilson A. Biomechanics of precision sports: implications for performance and injury prevention. Sports Sci J. 2018;35(2):123-35.
2. Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Kim S, Kim Y et.al. A Comparative Study of the Fatigue of the Lower Extremities According to the Type of Shoes Worn When Firing a 10 m Air Pistol. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Jan 12;20(2):1363.
3. Shumway-Cook, A; Woollacott, M Motor Control: Theory and Practical Applications; Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, MD, USA, 1995.
4. Kim, S. E. The influence of shoe on posture and performance of rifle shooters - A comparative study. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 12(8), pp. 1205-1209.
5. Harr MR, Boucher LC. Prevalence and Incidence of Injury during Olympic-style Shooting Events: A Systematic Review. IJSPT. 2021;16(5):1235-1249.
6. Menz HB, Dufour AB, Rackowski JL, Hillstrom HJ, Hannan MT. Foot posture, foot function and low back pain: the Framingham Foot Study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 52:2275-82.
7. Đorđević S, Goran Mikec, Jelena et al. The postural status of sport shooters foot arch in correlation with their competitive discipline and gender. Fizicko vaspitanje i sport kroz vekove. 2024 Jan 1;11(1):15–24.
8. singh p, pal a. the impact of plantar oscillation on shooting accuracy: a pre- and post-test analysis of center of pressure in competitive shooters. shodhkosh journal of visual and performing arts. 2024 may 31;5(5).
9. Asian Shooting Confederation. Basic techniques in air rifle [Internet]. Asia: Asian Shooting Confederation; 2021.
10. Striving for great standing scores [Internet]. USA: Civilian Marksmanship Program; 2020
11. Era P, Konttinen N. Postural Stability and Expert Marksmanship. J Sports Sci. 2004;22(7):515-23.
12. Hoffman G, Vermeer O, Snijders C. The Influence of Foot Position on Shooting Accuracy in Elite Rifle Shooters. Sports Biomech. 2018;17(4):439-50.
13. Goudemand N, Sève C, Amarantini D. Ankle and Foot Stability in Standing Shooting Performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(12):2381-9.
14. Ball KA, Best RJ. Postural Sway and Rifle Shooting Performance. Hum Mov Sci. 2007;26(6):894-907.
15. van Melick N, Meddler BM, Hoogeboom TJ, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MWG, van Cingel REH. How to determine leg dominance: The agreement between self-reported and observed performance in healthy adults. PLoS One. 2017 Dec 29;12(12):e0189876.
16. Alonso, Angélica Castilho et al. “The influence of lower-limb dominance on postural balance.” Sao Paulo medical journal Revista paulista de medicina vol. 129,6 (2011): 410-3. doi:10.1590/s1516-31802011000600007
17. Promsri A, Haid T, Werner I, Federolf P. Leg Dominance Effects on Postural Control When Performing Challenging Balance Exercises. Brain Sci. 2020 Feb 25;10(3):128.
18. Schordere C, Hilfiker R, Allet L. The role of the dominant leg in balance performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture. 2021 Feb; 84:66-78. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.11.008.
19. Manganaro D, Dollinger B, Nezwek TA, Sadiq NM. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Foot Joints. 2023 Aug 21. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. PMID: 30725626.
20. Tashjian RZ, Hurwitz SR. The Foot Arch: Structure and Function. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2019;101(5):457-64.
21. Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2020. p. 380-90.
22. Hreljac A, Marshall RN, Hume PA. Biomechanics of Foot Arches During Running. J Biomech. 2018;72(1):133-40.
23. Hertel J, Denegar CR. The Effect of Chronic Ankle Instability on Postural Control. J Athl Train. 2018;53(6):543-50.
24. Smith AJ, O'Sullivan PB, Straker LM. Postural Control and Foot Arches in Athletes.
Sports Med. 2020;50(4):521-34.
25. Cornwall MW, McPoil TG. Foot Arch Morphology and Injury Risk. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2017;107(1):52-61.
26. Razeghi M, Batt ME. Foot Posture and Lower Limb Biomechanics. Gait Posture. 2019;29(3):317-25.
27. Kirby KA. Foot Orthotics and Arch Function. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2018;16(7):609-20.
28. Lee SP, Lee SJ. Impact of Core and Foot Strengthening on Balance and Postural Stability.
J Sports Sci Med. 2020;19(1):24-32.
29. Perry J. Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function. 2nd ed. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated; 2017.
30. Page P. Muscle Stretching for Sport and Rehabilitation. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012;7(1):109-19.
31. Bowers CA, Goodman SB. Metatarsalgia and Transverse Arch Function. Foot Ankle Clin. 2019;24(3):469-82.
32. Nigg BM. Biomechanics of Sports Shoes and Foot Orthotics. Sports Med. 2019;48(3):103-17.
33. Kappel-Bargas A, Woolley R, Cook A. Effect of Foot Arch on Postural Stability in Athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2021;61(6):889-96.
34. McKeon PO, Hertel J, Bramble D, Davis I. The Foot Core System: A New Paradigm for Understanding Intrinsic Foot Muscle Function. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(5):290-9.
35. Mann RA, Hagy JL. The Function of the Toes in Walking, Jogging, and Running. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;(142):24-9.
36. Ferber R, Davis IM, Williams DS. Effect of Foot Orthotics on Rearfoot and Tibia Joint Coupling Patterns and Variability. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(6):1141-7.
37. Bolgla LA, Malone TR. Plantar Fasciitis and the Windlass Mechanism: A Biomechanical Link to Clinical Practice. J Athl Train. 2004;39(1):77-82.
38. Huang CK, Kitaoka HB, An KN, Chao EY. Biomechanics of the Arch of the Foot. Foot Ankle. 1993;14(2):78-84.
39. Kelikian AS, Sarrafian SK. Sarrafian’s Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle: Descriptive, Topographic, Functional. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
40. Murley GS, Bird AR, Clarke J, Landorf KB, Menz HB. Foot Posture Influences the Electromyographic Activity of Selected Lower Limb Muscles During Walking. Gait Posture. 2009;29(4):618-23.
41. Kelly LA, Kuitunen S, Racinais S, Cresswell AG. Recruitment of the Plantar Intrinsic Foot Muscles With Increasing Postural Demand. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2012;27(1):46-51.
42. Franco BA, Wang-Price S. Impact of Foot Posture on Pelvic Alignment and Low Back Pain. Physiother Res Int. 2021;26(1):e1862.
43. Goudemand N, Sève C, Amarantini D. Postural Adaptations in Rifle Shooting: Influence of Foot Structure. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(12):2381-9.
44. Hébert-Losier K, Supej M, Holmberg HC. Biomechanics and Injury Prevention in Shooting Sports. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2014;54(2):197-203.
45. Smith AJ, O'Sullivan PB, Straker LM. Low Back Pain in Elite Athletes: The Role of Posture and Core Stability. Sports Med. 2018;48(2):279-290.
46. Ipek F, Doğan M, Yildiz Kabak V, Atasavun Uysal S, Düger T. Cross-cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of Turkish version of the Waterloo Handedness and Footedness Questionnaire-Revised. Laterality. 2021 Nov;26(6):624-644.
47. Hegazy F, Aboelnasr E, Abuzaid M, Kim IJ, Salem Y. Comparing Validity and Diagnostic Accuracy of Clarke’s Angle and Foot Posture Index-6 to Determine Flexible Flatfoot in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Investigation. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 May18];14:2705–17.
48. Patel, A. S. (2021). "Prevalence and incidence of flat foot due to prolonged standing among traffic police." Journal of Occupational Health, 63(1), 23-31.
49. Sadowska, D., et al. (2018). "Influence of physical exercise on postural balance of youth biathletes and rifle stability in a standing shooting position." Journal of Sports Science, 35(4), 98-110.