IN-VITRO ALDOSE REDUCTASE INHIBITION AND ANTIGLYCATION ACTIVITIES OF NYAGRODHADI CHURNA, AN AYURVEDIC FORMULATION
Main Article Content
Keywords
Ayurvedic formulation, Nyagrodhadi churna, Diabetes mellitus, phytoconstituents
Abstract
Nyagrodhadi churna (NC) is a compound Ayurvedic formulation used in the treatment of diabetes and its associated complications. Aldose reductase (ALR), the key enzyme of the polyol pathway, plays important role in hyperglycemia-induced diabetic complications. Polyol pathway is involved in formation of advanced glycation end-product (AGE) and increased oxidative stress. The accumulation of tissue AGEs together with increased oxidative stress has an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications Therefore, the present study demonstrates inhibitory effect of NC on ALR and AGEs activity. In vitro ALR inhibition was studied against kidney ALR and antiglycation activity against glycation of bovine serum albumin. NC showed inhibitory effect against kidney ALR and glycation of bovine serum albumin. Therefore, NC exhibited good potential as antioxidant and ALR and AGE formation inhibitor due to these compounds which was further substantiated by experimental study of ALR inhibition and antiglycation effect by NC. This study validates its use in amelioration of diabetic complications.
References
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3. Akarshini AM, Aruna. Management of madhumeha janya upadrava with special reference to diabetic nephropathy - A clinical study. Ayu. 2014 Oct-Dec;35(4):378-83.
4. Mahmood D, Singh BK., Akhtar M. Diabetic neuropathy: therapies on the horizon. J Pharm Pharmacol 2009;61(9):1137–45.
5. Powers AC. Diabetes mellitus-mechanisms of complications. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Anthony S, Stephen L, Dan L, Larry J, editors. Text Book of Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. Vol. II. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division; 2005. p. 2162.
6. Sell DR, Lapolla A, Odetti P, Fogarty J, Monnier VM. Pentosidine formation in skin correlates with severity of complications in individuals with long-standing IDDM. Diabetes. 1992;41:1286-92
7. Bonnefont-Rousselot D. Glucose and reactive oxygen species. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2002;5:561–8.
8. Kador PF, Inoue J, Secchi EF, Lizak MJ, Rodriguez L, Mori K, Greentree W, Blessing K, Lackner PA, Sato S. Effect of sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibition on sugar cataract formation in galactose-fed and diabetic rats. Exp Eye Res. 1998;67(2):203-8.
9. Yabe-Nishimura C. Aldose reductase in glucose toxicity: a potential target for the prevention of diabetic complications. Pharmacol Rev 1998; 50: 21–33
10. Kyselova Z, Stefek M, Bauer V. Pharmacological prevention of diabetic cataract. J Diabetes Complications. 2004;18(2):129-40.
11. Alexiou P, Pegklidou K, Chatzopoulou M, Nicolaou I, Demopoulos VJ. Aldose reductase enzyme and its implication to major health problems of the 21(st) century. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(6):734-52.
12. Kador PF, Lee JW, Fujisawa S, Blessing K, Lou MF. Relative importance of aldose reductase versus nonenzymatic glycosylation on sugar cataract formation in diabetic rats. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2000;16(2):149-60.
13. Del Corso A, Cappiello M, Mura U. From a dull enzyme to something else: facts and perspectives regarding aldose reductase. Curr Med Chem. 2008;15(15):1452-61.
14. Obrosova IG, Pacher P, Szabó C, Zsengeller Z, Hirooka H, Stevens MJ, Yorek MA. Aldose reductase inhibition counteracts oxidative-nitrosative stress and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation in tissue sites for diabetes complications. Diabetes. 2005;54(1):234-42.
15. Brownlee M. The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism. Diabetes. 2005;54(6):1615-25.
16. Hunt JV, Bottoms MA, Mitchinson MJ. Oxidative alterations in the experimental glycation model of diabetes mellitus are due to protein-glucose adduct oxidation. Biochem J. 1993;291:529–35.
17. Bonnefont-Rousselot D. Glucose and reactive oxygen species. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2002;5:561–8.
18. Vlassara H, Palace MR. Diabetes and advanced glycation endproducts. J Intern Med. 2002;251:87–101.
19. Ahmed N. Advanced glycation endproducts - role in pathology of diabetic complications. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;67:3–21.
20. Oates PJ. Aldose reductase, still a compelling target for diabetic neuropathy. Curr Drug Targets. 2008;9(1):14-36.
21. Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Part 1. Government of India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. New Delhi: Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy; 2003. p. 112-113.
22. Anonymous. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Department of Health). Drugs and Cosmetics act 1940 with Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Department of Health), Government of India; 2003. p. 317.
23. Abusufyan S, Ibrahim M, Mohib K. Comparative in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of various extracts of Ficus species. Pharmacog J. 2018;10:349–54.
24. Biswas M, Kar B, Bhattacharya S, Kumar RBS, Ghosh AK, Haldar PK. Anti-hyperglycemic activity and antioxidant role of Terminalia arjuna leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pharmaceutical Biology.2011; 49(4): 335–340.
25. Punitha R, Vasudevan K, Manoharan S. Effect of Pongamia pinnata flowers on blood glucose and oxidative stress in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Indian journal of Pharmacology. 2006;38(1):62-63.
26. Visavadiya NP, Narasimhacharya AV. Hypocholesterolaemic and antioxidant effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Linn) in rats. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2006;50(11):1080-6.
27. Nachimuthu S, Kumaravel V, Sadhasivam S, Santhosharajan N, Peraman M, Ponnusamy R. Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant potential of Feronia limonia leaves and fruit extracts. J Chem Pharm Sci. 2014;(2):36-40.
28. Kumari A, Kakkar P. Screening of antioxidant potential of selected barks of Indian medicinal plants by multiple in vitro assays. Biomed Environ Sci. 2008;21(1):24-9.
29. Chaudhary A, Bhandari A, Pandurangan A. Antioxidant potential and total phenolic content of methanolic bark extract of Madhuca indica (koenig) Gmelin. Ancient Science of Life. 2012;31(3):132-6.
30. Sabu MC, Kuttan R. Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Terminalia belerica Roxb. Indian J Expt Biol. 2009; 47:270-5.
31. Manoharan S. Silvan S, Vasudevan K, Balkrishnan S. Antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of Piper longum (Linn.) dried fruits in alloxan induced diabetic rat. J Biol Sci. 2007; 6(1):161-8.
32. Vijayakumar RS, Surya D, Nalini N. Antioxidant efficacy of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and piperine in rats with high fat diet induced oxidative stress. Redox Rep. 2004;9(2):105-10.
33. Thomas M, Sujatha KS, George S. Protective effect of Piper longum Linn. on monosodium glutamate induced oxidative stress in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2009;47(3):186-92.
34. Hazra B, Sarkar R, Biswas S, Mandal N. Comparative study of the antioxidant and reactive oxygen species scavenging properties in the extracts of the fruits of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica and Emblica officinalis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010;13:10:20.
35. Ganapathy PS, Ramachandra YL, Rai SP. In vitro antioxidant activity of Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. methanolic leaf extract. J Basic Clin Pharm. 2011;2(4):175-8.
36. Suryanarayana P, Kumar PA, Saraswat M, Petrash JM, Reddy GB. Inhibition of aldose reductase by tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis: implications for the prevention of sugar cataract. Mol Vis. 2004 Mar 12;10:148-54.
37. Dubey K, Dubey R, Gupta RA, Gupta A, Evaluation of lens aldose reductase inhibitory potential of fruit extracts of Terminalia bellerica Roxb., Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2018; 8(6-A):16-18
38. Gacche RN, Dhole NA. Aldose reductase inhibitory, anti-cataract and antioxidant potential of selected medicinal plants from the Marathwada region, India. Nat Prod Res. 2011;25(7):760-3.
39. Gupta P, Jain V, Pareek A, Kumari P, Singh R, Agarwal P, Sharma V. Evaluation of effect of alcoholic extract of heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium on in vitro antioxidant, anti-glycation, sorbitol accumulation and inhibition of aldose reductase activity. J Tradit Complement Med. 2016 Nov 25;7(3):307-314.
40. Xue C, Siragy HM. Local renal aldosterone system and its regulation by salt, diabetes, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Hypertension. 2005;46(3):584-90.
41. Varma SD, Mikuni I, Kinoshita JH. Flavonoids as inhibitors of lens aldose reductase. Science. 1975;188(4194):1215-6.
42. Rodwattanagul S, Wongrattanakamon P, Chaichit S, Chittasupho C, Nimlamool W, Hennink WE, Okonogi S. Exploring the antioxidant, antiglycation, and anti-inflammatory potential of Oroxylum indicum stem bark extracts. PLoS One. 2025 Jun 12;20(6):e0325795.
43. Dzib-Guerra WD, Escalante-Erosa F, García-Sosa K, Derbré S, Blanchard P, Richomme P, Peña-Rodríguez LM. Anti-Advanced Glycation End-product and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Plants from the Yucatecan Flora. Pharmacognosy Res. 2016 Oct-Dec;8(4):276-280.
44. Dodda D, Rama Rao A, Veeresham C. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of pterostilbene for the management of diabetic complications. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2020 Oct-Dec;11(4):369-375.
45. Itoh K, Murata K, Sakaguchi N, Akai K, Yamaji T, Shimizu K, Isaki K, Matsukawa T, Kajiyama S, Fumuro M, Iijima M, Matsuda H. Inhibition of advanced glycation end products formation by Mangifera indica leaf extract. Journal of Plant Studies; Vol. 6, No. 2; 2017 page. 102-107.
46. Rani MP, Krishna MS, Padmakumari KP, Raghu KG, Sundaresan A. Zingiber officinale extract exhibits antidiabetic potential via modulating glucose uptake, protein glycation and inhibiting adipocyte differentiation: an in vitro study. J Sci Food Agric. 2012;92(9):1948-55.
47. Yeh WJ, Hsia SM, Lee WH, Wu CH. Polyphenols with antiglycation activity and mechanisms of action: A review of recent findings. J Food Drug Anal. 2017;25(1):84-92.
48. Ardestani A, Yazdanparast R. Cyperus rotundus suppresses AGE formation and protein oxidation in a model of fructose-mediated protein glycoxidation. Int J Biol Macromol. 2007;41(5):572–8.
49. Sharma H, Sharma N, An S. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) alleviates oxidative stress, exerts potential anti-glycation and anti-AChE activity: A multitargeting neuroprotective agent against neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023;12.
50. Lee HS, Cho HY, Park KW, Kim IH, Kim JT, Nam MH, Lee KW. Inhibitory effects of Terminalia chebula extract on glycation and endothelial cell adhesion. Planta Med. 2011;77(10):1060-7.
51. Kasabri V, Flatt PR, Abdel-Wahab YH. Terminalia bellirica stimulates the secretion and action of insulin and inhibits starch digestion and protein glycation in vitro. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(2):212-7.
52. Imani H, Tabibi H, Najafi I, Atabak S, Hedayati M, Rahmani L. Effects of ginger on serum glucose, advanced glycation end products, and inflammation in peritoneal dialysis patients. Nutrition. 2015;31(5):703-7.
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Jan 17, 2026
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Priya Mishra, Deepti Sharma, Manish M. Wanjari, Pushpendra Kannojia, & Shyam Babu Singh. (2026). IN-VITRO ALDOSE REDUCTASE INHIBITION AND ANTIGLYCATION ACTIVITIES OF NYAGRODHADI CHURNA, AN AYURVEDIC FORMULATION. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.53555/e9p45w93
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Author Biographies
Priya Mishra
BIU College of Pharmacy, Bareilly International University, Rohilkhand Medical College Campus, Bareilly-243006, Uttar Pradesh, India
Deepti Sharma
Regional Ayurveda Research Institute, Aamkho, Gwalior-474009, Madhya, Pradesh, India
Manish M. Wanjari
Regional Ayurveda Research Institute, Kothrud, Pune-411038, Maharashtra, India
Pushpendra Kannojia
BIU College of Pharmacy, Bareilly International University, Rohilkhand Medical College Campus, Bareilly-243006, Uttar Pradesh, India
Shyam Babu Singh
Regional Ayurveda Research Institute, Aamkho, Gwalior-474009, Madhya, Pradesh, India
How to Cite
Priya Mishra, Deepti Sharma, Manish M. Wanjari, Pushpendra Kannojia, & Shyam Babu Singh. (2026). IN-VITRO ALDOSE REDUCTASE INHIBITION AND ANTIGLYCATION ACTIVITIES OF NYAGRODHADI CHURNA, AN AYURVEDIC FORMULATION. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.53555/e9p45w93
