EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF CINNAMON ON PAIN IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A DOUBLE-BLIND RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
Main Article Content
Keywords
Cinnamon, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Pain
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cinnamon supplementation, compared with a control intervention, on reducing pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis attending Dr. Sedigheh Ravanshad Clinic in Isfahan.
Methods: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design was conducted on 91 patients selected through convenience sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to either the cinnamon group or the placebo group. Pain intensity was measured at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and at follow-up using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.
Results: At baseline, no significant difference was observed in mean pain scores between the cinnamon and placebo groups (P > 0.05). However, post-intervention and at follow-up, patients receiving cinnamon reported significantly lower pain scores compared with the placebo group (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: The findings suggest that cinnamon supplementation may serve as an effective adjunctive approach for reducing pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
References
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2. Walsh NC, Crotti TN, Goldring SR, Gravallese EM. Rheumatic diseases: the effects of inflammation on bone. Immunological reviews. 2005;208(1):228-51.
3. Altabás-González I, Pérez-Gómez N, Pego-Reigosa JM. How to investigate: suspected systemic rheumatic diseases in patients presenting with muscle complaints. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2019;33(4):101437.
4. Fitzgerald CE, Fitzgerald CE. The Joints and Connective Tissues. Family Medicine: Principles and Practice. 1983:1001-25.
5. Wright V. Introduction to Rheumatic Disease. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA; 1990. p. 153-5.
6. Bates GA. Some studies of connective tissues. Journal of Dental Research. 1921;3(2):263-77.
7. Hart FD, Huskisson E. Pain patterns in the rheumatic disorders. Br Med J. 1972;4(5834):213-6.
8. AKDAĞ H, KIRMUSAOĞLU S. Romatoid Artrit Tedavisinde Uygulanan Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Haliç Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019;2(2):197-206.
9. Cansu D, Korkmaz C. PSÖRİATİK ARTRİT TEDAVİSİ: 2015 GÜNCELLEME/PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS TREATMENT: 2015 UPDATE. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 2016;38(1):17-25.
10. ERCAN İP. Developing Design Criterias of Glass Design for Romatoid Artrit Patients by Mind Mapping. Bayburt Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi.6(1):89-95.
11. Small A, Wechalekar MD. Synovial biopsies in inflammatory arthritis: precision medicine in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics. 2020;20(3):315-25.
12. Tekin M, Aytekin O. The effect of depression and related psychosocial factors on disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Family Practice and Palliative Care. 2022;7(2):49-54.
13. Khanbabaei N, Zahedi R, Rafiipour A. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy on fear of disease progression and psychological distress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Health Psychology. 2020;8(30):117-32.
14. Zampieron E, Kamhi E. Topical and oral herbal pain remedies. Int J Complement Alt Med. 2015;1(4):97-102.
15. Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Davis III JM, Gabriel SE. Contribution of obesity to the rise in incidence of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis care & research. 2013;65(1):71-7.
16. Scott D, Pugner K, Kaarela K, Doyle D, Woolf A, Holmes J, et al. The links between joint damage and disability in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2000;39(2):122-32.
17. Silman AJ, Pearson JE. Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis research & therapy. 2002;4:1-8.
18. Lotz MK. New developments in osteoarthritis: posttraumatic osteoarthritis: pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment options. Arthritis research & therapy. 2010;12:1-9.
19. Almutairi K, Nossent J, Preen D, Keen H, Inderjeeth C. The global prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis: a meta‑analysis based on a systematic review. Rheumatology International. 2021;41.
20. Prothero L, Barley E, Galloway J, Georgopoulou S, Sturt J. The evidence base for psychological interventions for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review of reviews. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018;82:20-9.
21. Anderson KO, Bradley LA, Young LD, McDaniel LK, Wise CM. Rheumatoid arthritis: review of psychological factors related to etiology, effects, and treatment. Psychological bulletin. 1985;98(2):358.
22. Isaacs JD, Ferraccioli G. The need for personalised medicine for rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2011;70(1):4-7.
23. Chang C, Zhang R-R, Shi Y-M, He D-Y. Traditional Chinese medicine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi= Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi= China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 2023;48(2):329-35.
24. Chandrashekara S. Complementary and alternative medicine in rheumatoid arthritis. Chinese journal of integrative medicine. 2011;17(10):731-4.
25. Rekik S, Zeineb Z, Boussaid S, Rahmouni S, Jemmali S, Khaoula Z, et al. AB1578-PARE A PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOME SCALE: RASQ FOR MEASURING SYMPTOMS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2022;81:1887.3-8.
26. Van Boheemen L, ter Wee MM, Falahee M, Filer A, van Beers-Tas M, Finckh A, et al. The Symptoms in Persons At Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis (SPARRA) questionnaire: predicting clinical arthritis development. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2022:1-8.
27. Sierakowski S, Cutolo M. Morning symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis: a defining characteristic and marker of active disease. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2011;40(sup125):1-5.
28. van Tuyl LH, Stack RJ, Sloots M, van de Stadt LA, Hoogland W, Maat B, et al. Impact of symptoms on daily life in people at risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Musculoskeletal Care. 2016;14(3):169-73.
29. Khan S, Mohan K, Muzammil S, Alam MA, Khayyam KU. Current Prospects in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathophysiology, Genetics, and Treatments. Recent Advances in Anti-infective Drug Discovery. 2023.
30. Chi X-K, Xu X-L, Chen B-Y, Su J, Du Y-Z. Combining nanotechnology with monoclonal antibody drugs for rheumatoid arthritis treatments. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2023;21(1):105.
31. Wang Y, Chen S, Du K, Liang C, Wang S, Boadi EO, et al. Traditional herbal medicine: Therapeutic potential in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2021;279:114368.
32. Muizzulatif M, Sukohar A, Irawati NAV. Efektivitas Pengobatan Herbal Untuk Rheumatoid Arthritis. Jurnal Majority. 2019;8(1):206-10.
33. Gharakhani A, Hamedeyazdan S, Entezari-Maleki T, Ghavimi H. Chamomile an adjunctive herbal remedy for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Advances in Bioscience and Clinical Medicine. 2013;1(1):20-6.
34. Abdolmaleki M, Salari M, Bahraminejad S, Panjeke N, Abbasi S. Antifungal activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zelanicum) crude extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi. 2008.
35. Mishra N, Srivastava R. Therapeutic and pharmaceutical potential of cinnamon. Research Anthology on Recent Advancements in Ethnopharmacology and Nutraceuticals: IGI Global; 2022. p. 698-710.
36. Abdalla W. Antibacterial and antifungal effect of cinnamon. Microbiology Research Journal International. 2018;23(6):1-8.
37. Bakewell-Stone P. Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon): CABI; 2022. 21 p.
38. Zobeiri M, Parvizi F, Shahpiri Z, Heydarpour F, Pourfarzam M, Memarzadeh MR, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of cinnamon oil soft capsule in patients with functional dyspepsia: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2021;2021:1-7.
39. Park S-y, Kim YD, Kim MS, Kim K-T, Kim JY. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) water extract improves diarrhea symptoms by changing the gut environment: a randomized controlled trial. Food & Function. 2023;14(3):1520-9.
40. Sanei-Dehkordi A, Heiran R, Roozitalab G, Elahi N, Osanloo M. Larvicidal Effects of Nanoliposomes Containing Clove and Cinnamon Essential Oils, Eugenol, and Cinnamaldehyde against the Main Malaria Vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 2022.
41. Almatroodi SA, Alsahli MA, Almatroudi A, Anwar S, Verma AK, Dev K, et al. Cinnamon and its active compounds: A potential candidate in disease and tumour management through modulating various genes activity. Gene Reports. 2020;21:100966.
42. Błaszczyk N, Rosiak A, Kałużna-Czaplińska J. The potential role of cinnamon in human health. Forests. 2021;12(5):648.
43. Lee H-G, Jo Y, Ameer K, Kwon J-H. Optimization of green extraction methods for cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde from Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) by response surface methodology. Food science and biotechnology. 2018;27:1607-17.
44. Monteiro AB, de Andrade HHN, Felipe CFB, de Almeida RN. Pharmacological studies on cinnamic alcohol and its derivatives. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2021;31:16-23.
45. Krokidi KM, Turner MA, Pearcy PA, Stavros VG. A systematic approach to methyl cinnamate photodynamics. Molecular Physics. 2021;119(1-2):e1811910.
46. Millezi AF, Costa KAD, Oliveira JM, Lopes SP, Pereira MO, Piccoli RH. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of cinnamon essential oil and eugenol. Ciência Rural. 2019;49.
47. Banerjee S, Banerjee S. Anticancer potential and molecular mechanisms of cinnamaldehyde and its congeners present in the cinnamon plant. Physiologia. 2023;3(2):173-207.
48. Rehman NU, Albaqami FF, Salkini MAA, Farahat NM, Alharbi HH, Almuqrin SM, et al. Comparative GC Analysis, Bronchodilator Effect and the Detailed Mechanism of Their Main Component—Cinnamaldehyde of Three Cinnamon Species. Separations. 2023;10(3):198.
49. Procopio FR, Ferraz MC, do Prado-Silva L, Paulino BN, Sant’Ana AS, Pastore GM, et al. Antifungal synergistic effect of paprika and cinnamon oleoresins and their coencapsulation by spray chilling technique to produce a carotenoid-cinnamaldehyde-rich food powder. Food and Bioprocess Technology. 2022;15(12):2826-38.
50. Bahramsoltani R, Shahpiri Z, Farzaei MH, Hosseinzadeh L, Rezazadeh D, Pourfarzam M, et al. Effects of cinnamon oil and its main constituents, cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde, on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurodegeneration in PC-12 cells. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas. 2023;22(6).
51. Lu L, Xiong Y, Zhou J, Wang G, Mi B, Liu G. The therapeutic roles of cinnamaldehyde against cardiovascular diseases. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022;2022.
52. Al Tbakhi B, Nsairat H, Alshaer W, Al-Kadash A, Helal W, Alrawashdeh L, et al. Cinnamaldehyde–cucurbituril complex: Investigation of loading efficiency and its role in enhancing cinnamaldehyde in vitro anti-tumor activity. RSC advances. 2022;12(12):7540-9.
53. Ka H, Park H-J, Jung H-J, Choi J-W, Cho K-S, Ha J, et al. Cinnamaldehyde induces apoptosis by ROS-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Cancer letters. 2003;196(2):143-52.
54. Dyrbusch M, Egert E. Structure of a cinnamic acid derivative. Acta Crystallographica Section C: Crystal Structure Communications. 1992;48(11):2035-6.
55. Willis Jr WD. Role of neurotransmitters in sensitization of pain responses. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001;933(1):142-56.
56. Cho JS, Kim TH, Lim J-M, Song J-H. Effects of eugenol on Na+ currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Brain research. 2008;1243:53-62.
57. Letarouilly J-G, Sanchez P, Nguyen Y, Sigaux J, Czernichow S, Flipo R-M, et al. Efficacy of spice supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Nutrients. 2020;12(12):3800.
58. Shishehbor F, Rezaeyan Safar M, Rajaei E, Haghighizadeh MH. Cinnamon consumption improves clinical symptoms and inflammatory markers in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2018;37(8):685-90.
59. Pahan S, Pahan K. Can cinnamon spice down autoimmune diseases? Journal of clinical & experimental immunology. 2020;5(6):252.
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Published
Sep 30, 2026
Article Details
How to Cite
Pouya Soltani Largani, Mojtaba Oroojalian Mashhadi, Behzad Jaybashi, Mehrdad Fojlaley, & Fernando lopes. (2026). EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF CINNAMON ON PAIN IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A DOUBLE-BLIND RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(11), 1433-1445. https://doi.org/10.53555/5j88gt42
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Author Biographies
Pouya Soltani Largani
Doctorate Student in Naturopathic Medicine, Technofest Institute of Technology (TITU), Erquelinnes, Belgium.
Mojtaba Oroojalian Mashhadi
Assistant Professor, Department of Naturopathic Medicine, Technofest Institute of Technology, 4Erquolinnes, Belgium. Orcid number: 0009-0008-3116-8662
Behzad Jaybashi
Assistant Professor, Department of Naturopathic Medicine, Technofest Institute of Technology, 4Erquolinnes, Belgium. Orcid number: 0009-0002-2511-0612
Mehrdad Fojlaley
Professor in bio system engineering department, Technofest Institute of Technology. Erquelinnes. Belgium.
Fernando lopes
Professor, Technofest institute of technology (TITU), Erquelinnes, Belgium.
How to Cite
Pouya Soltani Largani, Mojtaba Oroojalian Mashhadi, Behzad Jaybashi, Mehrdad Fojlaley, & Fernando lopes. (2026). EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF CINNAMON ON PAIN IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A DOUBLE-BLIND RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(11), 1433-1445. https://doi.org/10.53555/5j88gt42
