NATURAL POLYMER EXCIPIENTS: A GREEN APPROACH TO MULTIFUNCTIONALITY IN DRUG FORMULATION
Main Article Content
Keywords
Natural Polymer Excipients, Green Chemistry, Multifunctional Polymers, Challenges, Recent Advances, Future Perspectives
Abstract
Natural polymer excipients are increasingly recognized as sustainable and multifunctional green alternatives to synthetic ones in pharmaceutical formulations. They not only provide safe, biocompatible, and renewable materials for drug delivery but also align with green pharmacy principles by reducing reliance on non-renewable, petroleum-based excipients. Polysaccharides such as cellulose derivatives, starches, chitosan, alginate, and pectin exhibit multifunctional roles as binders, disintegrants, controlled-release matrices, stabilizers, film formers, and mucoadhesive agents. Protein-based polymers like gelatin and collagen further contribute bioactive, tissue-compatible, and hemostatic properties, making them excellent eco-friendly excipients. By enabling multiple functions within a single material, natural polymers promote formulation simplification, cost-effectiveness, and enhanced therapeutic outcomes while reducing environmental burden throughout the product life cycle.
Green approaches like enzymatic modification, biotechnological production, and eco-friendly processing techniques have expanded their potential while minimizing chemical waste and energy consumption. The use of hybrid systems, artificial intelligence, and green synthesis technologies further strengthens their performance and environmental adaptability. Natural polymers are therefore central to advancing sustainable pharmaceutical manufacturing, promoting eco-friendly healthcare, and supporting innovative, personalized, and patient-friendly formulations. This green approach ensures that these excipients not only enhance therapeutic efficiency but also align with environmental sustainability goals for next-generation drug delivery systems.
References
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13. Rinaudo M. Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications. Progress in polymer science. 2006 Jul 1;31(7):603-32.
14. Siddiqui SA, Erol Z, Rugji J, Taşçı F, Kahraman HA, Toppi V, Musa L, Di Giacinto G, Bahmid NA, Mehdizadeh M, Castro-Muñoz R. An overview of fermentation in the food industry-looking back from a new perspective. Bioresources and bioprocessing. 2023 Nov 28;10(1):85.
15. Muanprasat C, Chatsudthipong V. Algal Phycocolloids: Bioactivities and Pharmaceutical Applications. Marine Drugs. 2023 Jun 27;21(7):328.
16. Anastas P, Eghbali N. Green chemistry: principles and practice. Chemical society reviews. 2010;39(1):301-12.
17. Belkhir L, Elmeligi A. Carbon footprint of the global pharmaceutical industry and relative impact of its major players. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019 Mar 20; 214:185-94.
18. Zain M, Arbaz S, Adnan S, Deshmukh R. Applications of Natural Polymers as Pharmaceutical Excipients in Solid Oral Dosage Forms. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Allied Science. 2024 Nov 8;3(5):26-33.
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21. Jacob S, Kather FS, Boddu SH, Attimarad M, Nair AB. Nanosuspension innovations: expanding horizons in drug delivery techniques. Pharmaceutics. 2025 Jan 19;17(1):136.
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25. Mounika C, Vudikala P. Ecofriendly Excipients for Sustainable Pharmaceutical Development. Journal of Pharma Insights and Research. 2025 Feb 5;3(1):261-268.
26. Jadav M, Pooja D, Adams DJ, Kulhari H. Advances in xanthan gum-based systems for the delivery of therapeutic agents. Pharmaceutics. 2023 Jan 25;15(2):402.
27. Karava A, Lazaridou M, Nanaki S, Michailidou G, Christodoulou E, Kostoglou M, Iatrou H, Bikiaris DN. Chitosan derivatives with mucoadhesive and antimicrobial properties for simultaneous nanoencapsulation and extended ocular release formulations of dexamethasone and chloramphenicol drugs. Pharmaceutics. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):594.
28. Patel RN, et al. Natural Polymers as Pharmaceutical Excipients: A Sustainable Approach for Drug Delivery Systems. In: Jailani S, Vinchurkar K, Suryawanshi M, Mane S, editors. Innovative Pharmaceutical Excipients: Natural Sources. Singapore: Springer; 2025,185-210.
29. Ramesh P, Vinodh S. State of art review on Life Cycle Assessment of polymers. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering. 2020 Nov 1;13(6):411-22.
30. Bhardwaj H, Khute S, Sahu RK, Jangde RK. Recent Advances in Water-Soluble Polymer and Polymeric Nanoparticles for Pharmaceutical Application. Current Nanoscience. 2025 Jul;21(4):565-84.
31. Ruiz-Picazo A, Lozoya-Agullo I, González-Álvarez I, Bermejo M, González-Álvarez M. Effect of excipients on oral absorption process according to the different gastrointestinal segments. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2021 Aug 3;18(8):1005-24.
32. Li J, Mooney DJ. Designing hydrogels for controlled drug delivery. Nature Reviews Materials. 2016 Oct 18;1(12):1-7.
33. Shariatinia Z. Pharmaceutical applications of chitosan. Advances in colloid and interface science. 2019 Jan 1; 263:131-94.
34. Dai T, Tanaka M, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Chitosan preparations for wounds and burns: antimicrobial and wound-healing effects. Expert review of anti-infective therapy. 2011 Jul 1;9(7):857-79.
35. Schrieber R, Gareis H. Gelatine handbook: theory and industrial practice. John Wiley & Sons; 2007 Apr 20.
36. Nikkhah M, Akbari M, Paul A, Memic A, Dolatshahi‐Pirouz A, Khademhosseini A. Gelatin‐based biomaterials for tissue engineering and stem cell bioengineering. Biomaterials from nature for advanced devices and therapies. 2016 Oct 14:37-62.
37. Shiam MA, Islam MS, Ahmad I, Haque SS. A review of plant-derived gums and mucilages: Structural chemistry, film forming properties and application. Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting. 2025 Apr;41(2):195-237.
38. Varma K, Gopi S. Biopolymers and their role in medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. In Biopolymers and their industrial applications 2021 Jan 1, 175-191.
39. Ahmed J, Eqbal MD. Rheological properties of high‐pressure treated xanthan gum and guar gum blend solutions: a response surface approach. Journal of Food Process Engineering. 2023 Dec;46(12): e14449.
40. Dave VS, Saoji SD, Raut NA, Haware RV. Excipient variability and its impact on dosage form functionality. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2015 Mar 1;104(3):906-15.
41. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC). Qualification of Excipients for Pharmaceutical Use. IPEC Guide. 2008.
42. Singh P, Mishra G, Dinda SC. Natural excipients in pharmaceutical formulations. In Evidence based validation of traditional medicines: a comprehensive approach 2021 Jan 19,829-869.
43. Flórez M, Cazón P, Vázquez M. Selected biopolymers’ processing and their applications: A review. Polymers. 2023 Jan 26;15(3):641.
44. Yeom SB, Choi DH. Scale-up strategy in quality by design approach for pharmaceutical blending process with discrete element method simulation. Pharmaceutics. 2019 Jun 6;11(6):264.
45. Azevedo HS, Santos TC, Reis RL. Controlling the degradation of natural polymers for biomedical applications. InNatural-based polymers for biomedical applications 2008 Jan 1, 106-128.
46. Delplace V, Nicolas J. Degradable vinyl polymers for biomedical applications. Nature chemistry. 2015 Oct;7(10):771-84.
47. Ulery BD, Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers. Journal of polymer science Part B: polymer physics. 2011 Jun 15;49(12):832-64.
48. Ravichandran R, Sundarrajan S, Venugopal JR, Mukherjee S, Ramakrishna S. Advances in polymeric systems for tissue engineering and biomedical applications. Macromolecular bioscience. 2012 Mar;12(3):286-311.
49. Idrees H, Zaidi SZ, Sabir A, Khan RU, Zhang X, Hassan SU. A review of biodegradable natural polymer-based nanoparticles for drug delivery applications. Nanomaterials. 2020 Oct 5;10(10):1970.
50. Trenfield SJ, Awad A, Goyanes A, Gaisford S, Basit AW. 3D printing pharmaceuticals: drug development to frontline care. Trends in pharmacological sciences. 2018 May 1;39(5):440-451.
51. Mastnak T, Maver U, Finšgar M. Addressing the needs of the rapidly aging society through the development of multifunctional bioactive coatings for orthopedic applications. International journal of molecular sciences. 2022 Mar 3;23(5):2786.
52. Elder DP, Kuentz M, Holm R. Pharmaceutical excipients—quality, regulatory and biopharmaceutical considerations. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2016 May 25; 87:88-99.
53. Saito J, Agrawal A, Patravale V, Pandya A, Orubu S, Zhao M, Andrews GP, Petit-Turcotte C, Landry H, Croker A, Nakamura H. The current states, challenges, ongoing efforts, and future perspectives of pharmaceutical excipients in pediatric patients in each country and region. Children. 2022 Mar 23;9(4):453.
54. Ogaji IJ, Nep EI, Audu-Peter JD. Advances in natural polymers as pharmaceutical excipients. Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta. 2012 Jan 18;3(1):1-6.
55. Silva AC, Silvestre AJ, Vilela C, Freire CS. Natural polymers-based materials: A contribution to a greener future. Molecules. 2021 Dec 24;27(1):94.
56. Kar S, Sanderson H, Roy K, Benfenati E, Leszczynski J. Green chemistry in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Chemical Reviews. 2021 Dec 15;122(3):3637-710.
2. Saha T, Masum ZU, Mondal SK, Hossain MS, Jobaer MA, Shahin RI, Fahad T. Application of natural polymers as pharmaceutical excipients. Global J Life Sci Biol Res. 2018;4(1)15.
3. Vegad U, Patel M, Khunt D, Zupančič O, Chauhan S, Paudel A. pH stimuli-responsive hydrogels from non-cellulosic biopolymers for drug delivery. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2023 Sep 12; 11:1270364.
4. Dave VS, Saoji SD, Raut NA, Haware RV. Excipient variability and its impact on dosage form functionality. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2015 Mar 1;104(3):906-15.
5. Zain M, Arbaz S, Adnan S, Deshmukh R. Applications of Natural Polymers as Pharmaceutical Excipients in Solid Oral Dosage Forms. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Allied Science. 2024 Nov 8;3(5):26-33.
6. Patel RN, Keriwala TM, Upasani VV, Gujarathi P, Suryawanshi M, Vinchurkar K. Natural Excipients in Solid Dosage Forms. InInnovative Pharmaceutical Excipients: Natural Sources 2025 Jul 29, 229-248.
7. Carsanba E, Zhang F, Wang X. Fermentation Strategies for Production of Pharmaceutical Terpenoids by Recombinant Yeast: A Review. Biotechnology Reports. 2021 Mar, 29-38.
8. Frosi I, Balduzzi A, Moretto G, Colombo R, Papetti A. Towards valorization of food-waste-derived pectin: recent advances on their characterization and application. Molecules. 2023 Sep 1;28(17):6390.
9. Riseh RS, Vazvani MG, Hassanisaadi M, Thakur VK. Agricultural wastes: A practical and potential source for the isolation and preparation of cellulose and application in agriculture and different industries. Industrial Crops and Products. 2024 Feb 1; 208:117904.
10. Rajeswari AVS, Satyanarayana SV, Rao VG, Anusha H, Raju KV. An Overview on Natural Polymers as Excipients in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry. 2021;9(1):37-43.
11. Kumar MNVR. Natural Polymers: Classification, Processing and Applications. In: Natural Polymers: Structure, Properties, and Applications. Elsevier; 2024, 23-47
12. Seema M, Chandra P, Neelkant P, Hina C, Minakshi S, Tajdar SA. A Review on Natural Plant Based Polymers: A Brilliant Pharmaceutical Excipients. Int J Food Nutr Sci. 2022;11(7).
13. Rinaudo M. Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications. Progress in polymer science. 2006 Jul 1;31(7):603-32.
14. Siddiqui SA, Erol Z, Rugji J, Taşçı F, Kahraman HA, Toppi V, Musa L, Di Giacinto G, Bahmid NA, Mehdizadeh M, Castro-Muñoz R. An overview of fermentation in the food industry-looking back from a new perspective. Bioresources and bioprocessing. 2023 Nov 28;10(1):85.
15. Muanprasat C, Chatsudthipong V. Algal Phycocolloids: Bioactivities and Pharmaceutical Applications. Marine Drugs. 2023 Jun 27;21(7):328.
16. Anastas P, Eghbali N. Green chemistry: principles and practice. Chemical society reviews. 2010;39(1):301-12.
17. Belkhir L, Elmeligi A. Carbon footprint of the global pharmaceutical industry and relative impact of its major players. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019 Mar 20; 214:185-94.
18. Zain M, Arbaz S, Adnan S, Deshmukh R. Applications of Natural Polymers as Pharmaceutical Excipients in Solid Oral Dosage Forms. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Allied Science. 2024 Nov 8;3(5):26-33.
19. Telrandhe MU. Coprocessed Excipients: Multifunctional Excipients for Solid Oral, Liquid, Semisolid, Parenteral, and Biological Preparations. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics (AJP). 2023 Dec 15;17(04).
20. Sharma N, Yadav N. Natural Polymers as Pharmaceutical Excipients: Applications and Advances. World J Pharm Res. 2024;13(8):1120-1133.
21. Jacob S, Kather FS, Boddu SH, Attimarad M, Nair AB. Nanosuspension innovations: expanding horizons in drug delivery techniques. Pharmaceutics. 2025 Jan 19;17(1):136.
22. Karolewicz B. A review of polymers as multifunctional excipients in drug dosage form technology. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2016 Sep 1;24(5):525-36.
23. Rowe RC, Sheskey PJ, Quinn ME. Microcrystalline Cellulose. In: Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. 7th ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2020, 350-354.
24. Vlad RA, Pintea A, Pintea C, Rédai EM, Antonoaea P, Bîrsan M, Ciurba A. Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose-A Key Excipient in Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics. 2025 Jun 16;17(6):784.
25. Mounika C, Vudikala P. Ecofriendly Excipients for Sustainable Pharmaceutical Development. Journal of Pharma Insights and Research. 2025 Feb 5;3(1):261-268.
26. Jadav M, Pooja D, Adams DJ, Kulhari H. Advances in xanthan gum-based systems for the delivery of therapeutic agents. Pharmaceutics. 2023 Jan 25;15(2):402.
27. Karava A, Lazaridou M, Nanaki S, Michailidou G, Christodoulou E, Kostoglou M, Iatrou H, Bikiaris DN. Chitosan derivatives with mucoadhesive and antimicrobial properties for simultaneous nanoencapsulation and extended ocular release formulations of dexamethasone and chloramphenicol drugs. Pharmaceutics. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):594.
28. Patel RN, et al. Natural Polymers as Pharmaceutical Excipients: A Sustainable Approach for Drug Delivery Systems. In: Jailani S, Vinchurkar K, Suryawanshi M, Mane S, editors. Innovative Pharmaceutical Excipients: Natural Sources. Singapore: Springer; 2025,185-210.
29. Ramesh P, Vinodh S. State of art review on Life Cycle Assessment of polymers. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering. 2020 Nov 1;13(6):411-22.
30. Bhardwaj H, Khute S, Sahu RK, Jangde RK. Recent Advances in Water-Soluble Polymer and Polymeric Nanoparticles for Pharmaceutical Application. Current Nanoscience. 2025 Jul;21(4):565-84.
31. Ruiz-Picazo A, Lozoya-Agullo I, González-Álvarez I, Bermejo M, González-Álvarez M. Effect of excipients on oral absorption process according to the different gastrointestinal segments. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2021 Aug 3;18(8):1005-24.
32. Li J, Mooney DJ. Designing hydrogels for controlled drug delivery. Nature Reviews Materials. 2016 Oct 18;1(12):1-7.
33. Shariatinia Z. Pharmaceutical applications of chitosan. Advances in colloid and interface science. 2019 Jan 1; 263:131-94.
34. Dai T, Tanaka M, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Chitosan preparations for wounds and burns: antimicrobial and wound-healing effects. Expert review of anti-infective therapy. 2011 Jul 1;9(7):857-79.
35. Schrieber R, Gareis H. Gelatine handbook: theory and industrial practice. John Wiley & Sons; 2007 Apr 20.
36. Nikkhah M, Akbari M, Paul A, Memic A, Dolatshahi‐Pirouz A, Khademhosseini A. Gelatin‐based biomaterials for tissue engineering and stem cell bioengineering. Biomaterials from nature for advanced devices and therapies. 2016 Oct 14:37-62.
37. Shiam MA, Islam MS, Ahmad I, Haque SS. A review of plant-derived gums and mucilages: Structural chemistry, film forming properties and application. Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting. 2025 Apr;41(2):195-237.
38. Varma K, Gopi S. Biopolymers and their role in medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. In Biopolymers and their industrial applications 2021 Jan 1, 175-191.
39. Ahmed J, Eqbal MD. Rheological properties of high‐pressure treated xanthan gum and guar gum blend solutions: a response surface approach. Journal of Food Process Engineering. 2023 Dec;46(12): e14449.
40. Dave VS, Saoji SD, Raut NA, Haware RV. Excipient variability and its impact on dosage form functionality. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2015 Mar 1;104(3):906-15.
41. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC). Qualification of Excipients for Pharmaceutical Use. IPEC Guide. 2008.
42. Singh P, Mishra G, Dinda SC. Natural excipients in pharmaceutical formulations. In Evidence based validation of traditional medicines: a comprehensive approach 2021 Jan 19,829-869.
43. Flórez M, Cazón P, Vázquez M. Selected biopolymers’ processing and their applications: A review. Polymers. 2023 Jan 26;15(3):641.
44. Yeom SB, Choi DH. Scale-up strategy in quality by design approach for pharmaceutical blending process with discrete element method simulation. Pharmaceutics. 2019 Jun 6;11(6):264.
45. Azevedo HS, Santos TC, Reis RL. Controlling the degradation of natural polymers for biomedical applications. InNatural-based polymers for biomedical applications 2008 Jan 1, 106-128.
46. Delplace V, Nicolas J. Degradable vinyl polymers for biomedical applications. Nature chemistry. 2015 Oct;7(10):771-84.
47. Ulery BD, Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers. Journal of polymer science Part B: polymer physics. 2011 Jun 15;49(12):832-64.
48. Ravichandran R, Sundarrajan S, Venugopal JR, Mukherjee S, Ramakrishna S. Advances in polymeric systems for tissue engineering and biomedical applications. Macromolecular bioscience. 2012 Mar;12(3):286-311.
49. Idrees H, Zaidi SZ, Sabir A, Khan RU, Zhang X, Hassan SU. A review of biodegradable natural polymer-based nanoparticles for drug delivery applications. Nanomaterials. 2020 Oct 5;10(10):1970.
50. Trenfield SJ, Awad A, Goyanes A, Gaisford S, Basit AW. 3D printing pharmaceuticals: drug development to frontline care. Trends in pharmacological sciences. 2018 May 1;39(5):440-451.
51. Mastnak T, Maver U, Finšgar M. Addressing the needs of the rapidly aging society through the development of multifunctional bioactive coatings for orthopedic applications. International journal of molecular sciences. 2022 Mar 3;23(5):2786.
52. Elder DP, Kuentz M, Holm R. Pharmaceutical excipients—quality, regulatory and biopharmaceutical considerations. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2016 May 25; 87:88-99.
53. Saito J, Agrawal A, Patravale V, Pandya A, Orubu S, Zhao M, Andrews GP, Petit-Turcotte C, Landry H, Croker A, Nakamura H. The current states, challenges, ongoing efforts, and future perspectives of pharmaceutical excipients in pediatric patients in each country and region. Children. 2022 Mar 23;9(4):453.
54. Ogaji IJ, Nep EI, Audu-Peter JD. Advances in natural polymers as pharmaceutical excipients. Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta. 2012 Jan 18;3(1):1-6.
55. Silva AC, Silvestre AJ, Vilela C, Freire CS. Natural polymers-based materials: A contribution to a greener future. Molecules. 2021 Dec 24;27(1):94.
56. Kar S, Sanderson H, Roy K, Benfenati E, Leszczynski J. Green chemistry in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Chemical Reviews. 2021 Dec 15;122(3):3637-710.
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Aug 20, 2025
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Manthan Makwana, Dr. Pragnesh Patani, & Dr. Shweta Paroha. (2025). NATURAL POLYMER EXCIPIENTS: A GREEN APPROACH TO MULTIFUNCTIONALITY IN DRUG FORMULATION. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(7), 1852-1861. https://doi.org/10.53555/c6jctj32
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Author Biographies
Manthan Makwana
Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad
Dr. Pragnesh Patani
Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad
Dr. Shweta Paroha
Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad
How to Cite
Manthan Makwana, Dr. Pragnesh Patani, & Dr. Shweta Paroha. (2025). NATURAL POLYMER EXCIPIENTS: A GREEN APPROACH TO MULTIFUNCTIONALITY IN DRUG FORMULATION. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(7), 1852-1861. https://doi.org/10.53555/c6jctj32