“A REVIEW ON CURRENT PERSPECTIVE ON ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGIES FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF EMPAGLIFLOZIN & FUROSEMIDE IN COMBINATION”
Main Article Content
Keywords
Empagliflozin, Furosemide, Simultaneous Estimation, Fixed-Dose Combination, Analytical Method Development, Spectrophotometry, Chromatography, Method Validation, Regulatory Compliance
Abstract
Combinations of empagliflozin, a sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, and furosemide, a potent loop diuretic, are gaining prominence in the management of comorbid diabetes and heart failure. Thus reliable analytical methodologies are essential to ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of such formulations. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on the current advancements in analytical techniques employed for the simultaneous estimation of empagliflozin and furosemide in combined dosage forms. Various spectrophotometric, chromatographic, and hyphenated approaches are critically evaluated with respect to sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and regulatory compliance. Emphasis is given to method development strategies, validation parameters, and challenges associated with it. By providing a consolidated overview, our aim was to assess the diuretic and natriuretic effect of empagliflozin in combination with loop diuretics.
References
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2. Okura, Y.; Ramadan, M.M.; Ohno, Y.; Mitsuma, W.; Tanaka, K.; Ito, M.; Suzuki, K.; Tanabe, N.; Kodama, M.; Aizawa, Y. Impending epidemic: Future projection of heart failure in Japan to the year 2055. Circ. J. 2008, 72, 489–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9634028/
4. McMurray JJ, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1995–2008. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5. Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1413–1424. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2022190. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6. Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejec-tion fraction. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1451–1461. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107038. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048739
8. Verma S, McMurray JJV, Cherney DZI. The metabolodiuretic promise of sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition: the search for the sweet spot in heart failure. JAMA Cardi-ol. 2017;2:939–940. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.1891
9. Verma S, McMurray JJV. SGLT2 inhibitors and mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit: a state-of-the-art review. Diabetologia. 2018;61:2108–2117. doi: 10.1007/s00125-018-4670-7
10. Mordi NA, Mordi IR, Singh JS, Baig F, Choy AM, McCrimmon RJ, Struthers AD, Lang CC. Renal and cardiovascular effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition in combination with loop diuretics in diabetic patients with chronic heart failure (RECEDE-CHF): protocol for a randomised controlled double-blind cross-over trial. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e018097. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018097
11. Empagliflozin:Drugs Context. 2014 Jun 11;3:212262. doi: 10.7573/dic.212262
12. Kanai Y, Lee WS, You G, Brown D, Hediger MA. The human kidney low affinity Na+/glucose cotransporter SGLT2. Delineation of the major renal reabsorptive mechanism for D-glucose. J Clin Invest. 1994;93:397–404. doi: 10.1172/JCI116972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI116972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13. 15.Vallon V, Platt KA, Cunard R, et al. SGLT2 mediates glucose reabsorption in the early proximal tubule. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:104–12. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2010030246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2010030246. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14. Wright EM. Renal Na(+)-glucose cotransporters. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001;280:F10–8. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.2001.280.1.F10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15. 17.You G, Lee WS, Barros EJ, et al. Molecular characteristics of Na(+)-coupled glucose transporters in adult and embryonic rat kidney. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:29365–71. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.49.29365. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16. Baartscheer A, Schumacher CA, Wüst RCI, Fiolet JWT, Stienen GJM, Coronel R, Zuurbier CJ. Empagliflozin decreases myocardial cytoplasmic Na+ through inhibition of the cardiac Na+/H+ exchanger in rats and rabbits. Diabetologia. 2017;60:568–573. doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-4134-xBaartscheer A, Schumacher CA, Wüst RCI, Fiolet JWT, Stienen GJM, Coronel R, Zuurbier CJ. Empagliflozin decreases myocardial cytoplasmic Na+ through inhibition of the cardiac Na+/H+ exchanger in rats and rabbits. Diabetologia. 2017;60:568–573. doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-4134-x
17. Rosalinda Madonna, Filippo Biondi, Mattia Alberti, Sandra Ghelardoni, Letizia Mattii , Alber-to D’Alleva Cardiovascular outcomes and molecular targets for the cardiac effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, Volume 175, June 2024, 116650
18. 1.Boorsma E.M., Ter Maaten J.M., Damman K., Dinh W., Gustafsson F., Goldsmith S., Burkhoff D., Zannad F., Udelson J.E., Voors A.A. Congestion in heart failure: A contemporary look at physiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2020;17:641–655. doi: 10.1038/s41569-020-0379-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19. 5.Bart B.A., Goldsmith S.R., Lee K.L., Givertz M.M., O’Connor C.M., Bull D.A., Redfield M.M., Deswal A., Rouleau J.L., LeWinter M.M., et al. Ultrafiltration in decompensated heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012;367:2296–2304. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1210357. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20. Wu L, Rodriguez M, El Hachem K, Krittanawong C. Diuretic Treatment in Heart Failure: A Practical Guide for Clinicians. J Clin Med. 2024 Jul 30;13(15):4470. doi: 10.3390/jcm13154470. PMID: 39124738; PMCID: PMC11313642.
21. 8.Felker GM, Mentz RJ. Diuretics and ultrafiltration in acute decompensated heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2012;59:2145–2153. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc. 2011.10.910. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22. Am Heart J, Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1., Published in final edited form as: Am Heart J. 2015 Jan 6;169(3):323–333. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2014.12.009
23. Rahman N, Bano Z, Azmi SN. Spectrophotometric Determination of Esomeprazole Magnesi-um in Commercial Tablets Using 5 Sulfosalicylic Acid and N‐Bromosuccinimide. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society. 2008 Jun;55(3):557-66.
24. V. Padmabushana Chary, G. Sushmitha, B. Mani, MD. Humera and M. Chinnaeswaraiah (2023). UV spectrophoto metric method development and validation for estimation of furo-semide in the bulk and it’s tablets dosage form. Ann. Phytomed., 12(1):589-594. http://dx.doi.org/10.540 85/ap.2023.12.1.60.
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Oct 03, 2025
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Mayuri Chauhan, Dr Neha Tiwar, & Dr Pragnesh Patani. (2025). “A REVIEW ON CURRENT PERSPECTIVE ON ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGIES FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF EMPAGLIFLOZIN & FUROSEMIDE IN COMBINATION”. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(7), 1764-1768. https://doi.org/10.53555/rj43td23
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Author Biographies
Mayuri Chauhan
Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Khyati College of Pharmacy1,
Dr Neha Tiwar
Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad, Gujarat,
Dr Pragnesh Patani
Head of Pharmacology department, Khyati College of Pharmacy, GTU, Ahmedabad, Gujarat3
How to Cite
Mayuri Chauhan, Dr Neha Tiwar, & Dr Pragnesh Patani. (2025). “A REVIEW ON CURRENT PERSPECTIVE ON ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGIES FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF EMPAGLIFLOZIN & FUROSEMIDE IN COMBINATION”. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(7), 1764-1768. https://doi.org/10.53555/rj43td23