EVALUATION OF SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF SYNTHETIC DRUGS WITH VITAMINS ON MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM URINARY TRACT INFECTION
Main Article Content
Keywords
Antibiotics, Urinary tract infections , Probiotics, dissemination, β-lactamases
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTI’s) are the most common bacterial infections experienced by patients. These infections are often asymptomatic, but sometimes they produce discomfort for selective older patients, and present a risk for bacteremia, septic shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and are rarely fatal. Antibiotics are a powerful line of defense against bacterial infections. Frequent use of antibiotics can drastically change the amount and types of bacteria within the gut microbiota especially in early life. Antibiotics are important for treating infections. However, if overused, they can cause long-term changes to healthy gut bacteria and contribute to liver damage, which can lead to antibiotic-associated diseases, especially in children. Fortunately, a number of studies have shown that taking vitamin can reduce the risk of antibiotic-associated diseases. In the current study, total 100 urine samples were collected from UTI patients. Out of the collected samples the proportion of extended spectrum beta lactamase Klebsiella pneumonia, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and aminoglycoside resistant Enterococcus faecalis was found to be 48%, 30% and 22% respectively. Standard microbial techniques like bacterial culture and several biochemical tests were applied for bacterial isolation and identification. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus initially known to be resistant against cefoxitin was found vulnerable when a combination of cefoxitin and vitamin B6 (10ug/ul) was added to the bacterial culture which showed an inhibition zone of 24mm. It was concluded that the efficacy of synergism of synthetic antibiotics and vitamins was assessed as a promising antibacterial approach for the
References
Albrich, W. C., Monnet, D. L., & Harbarth, S. (2004). Antibiotic selection pressure and resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(3), 514-560.
Aleshkin, A., Rubalskii, E., Volozhantsev, N., Verevkin, V., Svetoch, E., Kiseleva, I., & Bogun, A. (2015). A small-scale experiment of using phage-based probiotic dietary supplement for prevention of E. coli traveler's diarrhea. Bacteriophage, 5(3).
Aminzadeh, Z., Sadat Kashi, M., & Sha'bani, M. (2008). Bacteriuria by extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: isolates in a governmental hospital in South of Tehran, Iran. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases, 2(4), 197-200.
Bazzaz, B. S., Naderinasab, M., Mohamadpoor, A. H., Farshadzadeh, Z., Ahmadi, S., & Yousefi, F. (2009). The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae among clinical isolates from a general hospital in Iran. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica, 56(1), 89-99.
Boneca, I. G., & Chiosis, G. (2003). Vancomycin resistance: occurrence, mechanisms and strategies to combat it. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 7(3), 311-328
Bourgogne, A., Garsin, D. A., Qin, X, Singh, K. V., Sillanpaa, J., Yerrapragada, S., & Weinstock, G. M. (2008). Large scale variation in Enterococcus faecalis illustrated by the genome analysis of strain OG1RF. Genome Biology, 9(7), R110-R167.
Bush, K. (2008). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in North America. Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases,14 Suppl 1, 134-143.
Chambers, H. F., & DeLeo, F. R. (2009). Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Journal of Nature Reviews Microbiology, 7(9), 629-645.
Chang, F. Y., Peacock, J. E., Jr, Musher, D. M., Triplett, P., MacDonald, B. B., Mylotte, J. M., & Yu, V. L. (2003). Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: recurrence and the impact of antibiotic treatment in a prospective multicenter study. Medicine (Baltimore), 82(5), 333-339.
Chen, Y. H., Ko, W. C., & Hsueh, P. R. (2013). Emerging resistance problems and future perspectives in pharmacotherapy for complicated urinary tract infections. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 14(5), 587-596.
Daikos, G. L., Tsaousi, S, Tzouvelekis, L. S., Anyfantis, I., Psichogiou, M., Argyropoulou, A., & Nepka, M. (2014). Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections: lowering mortality by antibiotic combination schemes and the role of carbapenems. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 58(4), 2322-2328.
Elemam, A. Rahimian, J., & Doymaz, M. (2010). In vitro evaluation of antibiotic synergy for polymyxin B-resistant carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 48(10), 3558-3562.
Feizabadi, M. M., Etemadi, G., Yadegarinia, D., Rahmati, M, Shabanpoor, S., & Bokaei, S. (2006). Antibiotic-resistance patterns and frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Tehran. Medical Science Monitor, 12(11), Br362-365.
Flemetakis, A. C., & Tsambaos, D. G. (1989). Effects of synthetic retinoids on the growth of bacteria and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Journal of Chemotherapy, 1(6), 374-376.
Gales, A. C., Reis, A. O., & Jones, R. N. (2001). Contemporary assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods for polymyxin B and colistin: review of available interpretative criteria and quality control guidelines. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39(1), 183-190.
Gombart, A. F. (2016). Regulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression by vitamin D, in
antimicrobial peptides, The Springer Journal, 101-113.
Grashorn, M. (2010). Use of phytobiotics in broiler nutrition–an alternative to infeed antibiotics. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 19(3), 338-347.
Hussain, T., Roohi, A., Munir, S., Ahmed, I., Khan, J., Edel-Hermann, V., & Anees, M. (2013). Biochemical characterization and identification of bacterial strains isolated from drinking water sources of Kohat, Pakistan. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 7, 1579-1590.
Jacob, J. T., & Diaz Granados, C. A. (2013). High vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration and clinical outcomes in adults with methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus infection: a meta-analysis. The International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 17(2), e93-e100.
Jacobsen, S. M., Stickler, D. J., Mobley, H. L., & Shirtliff, M. E. (2008). Complicated catheter-associated urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 21(1), 26-59.
James, J., Weaver, V., & Cantorna, M. T. (2017). Control of circulating IgE by the vitamin D receptor in vivo involves B cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. The Journal of Immunology, 198(3), 1164-1171.
Kim, E. B., Kopit, L. M., Harris, L. J., & Marco, M. L. (2012). Draft genome sequence of the quality control strain Enterococcus faecalis American type culture collection 29212. Journal of Bacteriology, 194(21), 6006-6007.
Kuenstner, J. T., Naser, S., Chamberlin, W., Borody, T., Graham, D. Y., McNees, A., & Thayer, W. (2017). The Consensus from the Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) Conference 2017. Frontiers in Public Health, 5, 208-237.
LeBlanc, J. G., Chain, F., Martín, R., Bermúdez-Humarán, L. G., Courau, S., & Langella, P. (2017). Beneficial effects on host energy metabolism of short-chain fatty acids and vitamins produced by commensal and probiotic bacteria. Microbial Cell Factories, 16(1), 79-90.
Li, J.-J., Munoz-Price, L. S., Spychala, C. N., DePascale, D., & Doi, Y. (2016). New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase-1–Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, Florida, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22(4), 744-769.
Liggins, M. C., Li, F., Zhang, L.-j., Dokoshi, T., & Gallo, R. L. (2019). Retinoids Enhance the Expression of Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide during Reactive Dermal Adipogenesis. The Journal of Immunology, 203(6), 1589-1597.
Mansury, D., Motamedifar, M., Sarvari, J., Shirazi, B., & Khaledi, A. (2016). Antibiotic susceptibility pattern and identification of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from Shiraz, Iran. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 8(1), 55-61.
Martineau, A. R., Honecker, F. U., Wilkinson, R. J., & Griffiths, C. J. (2007). Vitamin D in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 103(3-5), 793-798.
McConeghy, K. W., Bleasdale, S. C., & Rodvold, K. A. (2013). The empirical combination of vancomycin and a β-lactam for staphylococcal bacteremia. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 57(12), 1760-1765.
Mohanty, S., Gaind, R., Ranjan, R., & Deb, M. (2009). Use of the cefepime-clavulanate ESBL Etest for detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in AmpC co-producing bacteria. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 4(1), 24-29.
Murugan, S., & Paulpandian, P. (2013). Synergistic antibacterial evaluation of commercial antibiotics combined with nanoiron against human pathogens. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 18(27), A183-À190.
Nasehi, L., Shahcheraghi, F., Nikbin, V. S., & Nematzadeh, S. (2010). PER, CTX-M, TEM and SHV Beta-lactamases in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Tehran, Iran. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 13(3), 111-118.
Nathisuwan, S., Burgess, D. S., & Lewis, J. S., 2nd. (2001). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: epidemiology, detection, and treatment. Pharmacotherapy, 21(8), 920-928.
Paczosa, M. K., & Mecsas, J. (2016). Klebsiella pneumoniae: going on the offense with a strong defense. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 80(3), 629-661.
Parvez, S., Malik, K. A., Ah Kang, S., & Kim, H. Y. (2006). Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100(6), 1171-1185.
Radons, J. (2016). The Hsp90 chaperone machinery: an important hub in protein interaction networks. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 14, 1-32.
Rahman, M., Kuhn, I., Rahman, M., Olsson-Liljequist, B., & Mollby, R. (2004). Evaluation of a scanner-assisted colorimetric minimum inhibitory concentrations method for susceptibility testing of Gram-negative fermentative bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(4), 2398-2403
Sbrana, F., Malacarne, P., Viaggi, B., Costanzo, S., Leonetti, P., Leonildi, A., & Menichetti, F. (2012). Carbapenem-sparing antibiotic regimens for infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase–Producing K. Pneumoniae in intensive care unit. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 56(5), 697-700.
Seppälä, H., Nissinen, A., Järvinen, H., Huovinen, S., Henriksson, T., Herva, E., & Klaukka, T. (1992). Resistance to erythromycin in group A streptococci. New England Journal of Medicine, 326(5), 292-297.
Taha, M. N., Saafan, A. E., Ahmedy, A., El Gebaly, E., & Khairalla, A. S. (2019). Two novel synthetic peptides inhibit quorum sensing-dependent biofilm formation and some virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Journal of Microbiology, 1-8.
Tang, H.-J., Lai, C.-C., Chen, C.-C., Zhang, C.-C., Weng, T.-C., Yu, W.-L., & Chuang, Y.-C. (2017). Cephalosporin-Glycopeptide Combinations for Use against Clinical Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates: Enhanced In vitro Antibacterial Activity. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 884-884.
Tintino, S. R., Morais-Tintino, C. D., Campina, F. F., Pereira, R. L., Costa, M. d. S., Braga, M. F. B. M., & Quintans-Júnior, L. J. (2016). Action of cholecalciferol and alpha-tocopherol on Staphylococcus aureus efflux pumps. International Journal of Clinical
Valentin, H. E., & Qi, Q. (2005). Biotechnological production and application of vitamin E: current state and prospects. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 68(4), 436-444.
Van Bambeke, F., Mingeot-Leclercq, M.-P., Struelens, M. J., & Tulkens, P. M. (2008). The bacterial envelope as a target for novel anti-MRSA antibiotics. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 29(3), 124-134.
Vickerman, M. M., Flannagan, S. E., Jesionowski, A. M., Brossard, K. A., Clewell, D. B., & Sedgley, C. M. (2010). A genetic determinant in Streptococcus gordonii Challis encodes a peptide with activity similar to that of enterococcal sex pheromone cAM373, which facilitates intergeneric DNA transfer. Journal of Bacteriology, 192(10), 2535-2545.
Villegas-Estrada, A., Lee, M., Hesek, D., Vakulenko, S. B., & Mobashery, S. (2008). Co-opting the cell wall in fighting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: potent inhibition of PBP 2a by two anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics. Journal of American Chemical Society, 130(29), 9212-9213.
Weinstein, M. P. (2001). Comparative evaluation of penicillin, ampicillin, and imipenem MICs and susceptibility breakpoints for vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39(7), 2729-2731.
Aleshkin, A., Rubalskii, E., Volozhantsev, N., Verevkin, V., Svetoch, E., Kiseleva, I., & Bogun, A. (2015). A small-scale experiment of using phage-based probiotic dietary supplement for prevention of E. coli traveler's diarrhea. Bacteriophage, 5(3).
Aminzadeh, Z., Sadat Kashi, M., & Sha'bani, M. (2008). Bacteriuria by extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: isolates in a governmental hospital in South of Tehran, Iran. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases, 2(4), 197-200.
Bazzaz, B. S., Naderinasab, M., Mohamadpoor, A. H., Farshadzadeh, Z., Ahmadi, S., & Yousefi, F. (2009). The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae among clinical isolates from a general hospital in Iran. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica, 56(1), 89-99.
Boneca, I. G., & Chiosis, G. (2003). Vancomycin resistance: occurrence, mechanisms and strategies to combat it. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 7(3), 311-328
Bourgogne, A., Garsin, D. A., Qin, X, Singh, K. V., Sillanpaa, J., Yerrapragada, S., & Weinstock, G. M. (2008). Large scale variation in Enterococcus faecalis illustrated by the genome analysis of strain OG1RF. Genome Biology, 9(7), R110-R167.
Bush, K. (2008). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in North America. Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases,14 Suppl 1, 134-143.
Chambers, H. F., & DeLeo, F. R. (2009). Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Journal of Nature Reviews Microbiology, 7(9), 629-645.
Chang, F. Y., Peacock, J. E., Jr, Musher, D. M., Triplett, P., MacDonald, B. B., Mylotte, J. M., & Yu, V. L. (2003). Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: recurrence and the impact of antibiotic treatment in a prospective multicenter study. Medicine (Baltimore), 82(5), 333-339.
Chen, Y. H., Ko, W. C., & Hsueh, P. R. (2013). Emerging resistance problems and future perspectives in pharmacotherapy for complicated urinary tract infections. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 14(5), 587-596.
Daikos, G. L., Tsaousi, S, Tzouvelekis, L. S., Anyfantis, I., Psichogiou, M., Argyropoulou, A., & Nepka, M. (2014). Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections: lowering mortality by antibiotic combination schemes and the role of carbapenems. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 58(4), 2322-2328.
Elemam, A. Rahimian, J., & Doymaz, M. (2010). In vitro evaluation of antibiotic synergy for polymyxin B-resistant carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 48(10), 3558-3562.
Feizabadi, M. M., Etemadi, G., Yadegarinia, D., Rahmati, M, Shabanpoor, S., & Bokaei, S. (2006). Antibiotic-resistance patterns and frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Tehran. Medical Science Monitor, 12(11), Br362-365.
Flemetakis, A. C., & Tsambaos, D. G. (1989). Effects of synthetic retinoids on the growth of bacteria and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Journal of Chemotherapy, 1(6), 374-376.
Gales, A. C., Reis, A. O., & Jones, R. N. (2001). Contemporary assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods for polymyxin B and colistin: review of available interpretative criteria and quality control guidelines. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39(1), 183-190.
Gombart, A. F. (2016). Regulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression by vitamin D, in
antimicrobial peptides, The Springer Journal, 101-113.
Grashorn, M. (2010). Use of phytobiotics in broiler nutrition–an alternative to infeed antibiotics. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 19(3), 338-347.
Hussain, T., Roohi, A., Munir, S., Ahmed, I., Khan, J., Edel-Hermann, V., & Anees, M. (2013). Biochemical characterization and identification of bacterial strains isolated from drinking water sources of Kohat, Pakistan. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 7, 1579-1590.
Jacob, J. T., & Diaz Granados, C. A. (2013). High vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration and clinical outcomes in adults with methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus infection: a meta-analysis. The International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 17(2), e93-e100.
Jacobsen, S. M., Stickler, D. J., Mobley, H. L., & Shirtliff, M. E. (2008). Complicated catheter-associated urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 21(1), 26-59.
James, J., Weaver, V., & Cantorna, M. T. (2017). Control of circulating IgE by the vitamin D receptor in vivo involves B cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. The Journal of Immunology, 198(3), 1164-1171.
Kim, E. B., Kopit, L. M., Harris, L. J., & Marco, M. L. (2012). Draft genome sequence of the quality control strain Enterococcus faecalis American type culture collection 29212. Journal of Bacteriology, 194(21), 6006-6007.
Kuenstner, J. T., Naser, S., Chamberlin, W., Borody, T., Graham, D. Y., McNees, A., & Thayer, W. (2017). The Consensus from the Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) Conference 2017. Frontiers in Public Health, 5, 208-237.
LeBlanc, J. G., Chain, F., Martín, R., Bermúdez-Humarán, L. G., Courau, S., & Langella, P. (2017). Beneficial effects on host energy metabolism of short-chain fatty acids and vitamins produced by commensal and probiotic bacteria. Microbial Cell Factories, 16(1), 79-90.
Li, J.-J., Munoz-Price, L. S., Spychala, C. N., DePascale, D., & Doi, Y. (2016). New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase-1–Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, Florida, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22(4), 744-769.
Liggins, M. C., Li, F., Zhang, L.-j., Dokoshi, T., & Gallo, R. L. (2019). Retinoids Enhance the Expression of Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide during Reactive Dermal Adipogenesis. The Journal of Immunology, 203(6), 1589-1597.
Mansury, D., Motamedifar, M., Sarvari, J., Shirazi, B., & Khaledi, A. (2016). Antibiotic susceptibility pattern and identification of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from Shiraz, Iran. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 8(1), 55-61.
Martineau, A. R., Honecker, F. U., Wilkinson, R. J., & Griffiths, C. J. (2007). Vitamin D in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 103(3-5), 793-798.
McConeghy, K. W., Bleasdale, S. C., & Rodvold, K. A. (2013). The empirical combination of vancomycin and a β-lactam for staphylococcal bacteremia. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 57(12), 1760-1765.
Mohanty, S., Gaind, R., Ranjan, R., & Deb, M. (2009). Use of the cefepime-clavulanate ESBL Etest for detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in AmpC co-producing bacteria. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 4(1), 24-29.
Murugan, S., & Paulpandian, P. (2013). Synergistic antibacterial evaluation of commercial antibiotics combined with nanoiron against human pathogens. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 18(27), A183-À190.
Nasehi, L., Shahcheraghi, F., Nikbin, V. S., & Nematzadeh, S. (2010). PER, CTX-M, TEM and SHV Beta-lactamases in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Tehran, Iran. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 13(3), 111-118.
Nathisuwan, S., Burgess, D. S., & Lewis, J. S., 2nd. (2001). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: epidemiology, detection, and treatment. Pharmacotherapy, 21(8), 920-928.
Paczosa, M. K., & Mecsas, J. (2016). Klebsiella pneumoniae: going on the offense with a strong defense. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 80(3), 629-661.
Parvez, S., Malik, K. A., Ah Kang, S., & Kim, H. Y. (2006). Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100(6), 1171-1185.
Radons, J. (2016). The Hsp90 chaperone machinery: an important hub in protein interaction networks. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 14, 1-32.
Rahman, M., Kuhn, I., Rahman, M., Olsson-Liljequist, B., & Mollby, R. (2004). Evaluation of a scanner-assisted colorimetric minimum inhibitory concentrations method for susceptibility testing of Gram-negative fermentative bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(4), 2398-2403
Sbrana, F., Malacarne, P., Viaggi, B., Costanzo, S., Leonetti, P., Leonildi, A., & Menichetti, F. (2012). Carbapenem-sparing antibiotic regimens for infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase–Producing K. Pneumoniae in intensive care unit. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 56(5), 697-700.
Seppälä, H., Nissinen, A., Järvinen, H., Huovinen, S., Henriksson, T., Herva, E., & Klaukka, T. (1992). Resistance to erythromycin in group A streptococci. New England Journal of Medicine, 326(5), 292-297.
Taha, M. N., Saafan, A. E., Ahmedy, A., El Gebaly, E., & Khairalla, A. S. (2019). Two novel synthetic peptides inhibit quorum sensing-dependent biofilm formation and some virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Journal of Microbiology, 1-8.
Tang, H.-J., Lai, C.-C., Chen, C.-C., Zhang, C.-C., Weng, T.-C., Yu, W.-L., & Chuang, Y.-C. (2017). Cephalosporin-Glycopeptide Combinations for Use against Clinical Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates: Enhanced In vitro Antibacterial Activity. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 884-884.
Tintino, S. R., Morais-Tintino, C. D., Campina, F. F., Pereira, R. L., Costa, M. d. S., Braga, M. F. B. M., & Quintans-Júnior, L. J. (2016). Action of cholecalciferol and alpha-tocopherol on Staphylococcus aureus efflux pumps. International Journal of Clinical
Valentin, H. E., & Qi, Q. (2005). Biotechnological production and application of vitamin E: current state and prospects. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 68(4), 436-444.
Van Bambeke, F., Mingeot-Leclercq, M.-P., Struelens, M. J., & Tulkens, P. M. (2008). The bacterial envelope as a target for novel anti-MRSA antibiotics. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 29(3), 124-134.
Vickerman, M. M., Flannagan, S. E., Jesionowski, A. M., Brossard, K. A., Clewell, D. B., & Sedgley, C. M. (2010). A genetic determinant in Streptococcus gordonii Challis encodes a peptide with activity similar to that of enterococcal sex pheromone cAM373, which facilitates intergeneric DNA transfer. Journal of Bacteriology, 192(10), 2535-2545.
Villegas-Estrada, A., Lee, M., Hesek, D., Vakulenko, S. B., & Mobashery, S. (2008). Co-opting the cell wall in fighting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: potent inhibition of PBP 2a by two anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics. Journal of American Chemical Society, 130(29), 9212-9213.
Weinstein, M. P. (2001). Comparative evaluation of penicillin, ampicillin, and imipenem MICs and susceptibility breakpoints for vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39(7), 2729-2731.
Article Sidebar
Published
Sep 28, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
Muhammad Attique Ur Rehman Awan, Sumaira Gulshan, Mashta Ikram, Fatima Ashraf, Faiza Shabbir, Shazia Shahani, Raheela Aslam, & Hafiz Muhammad Farooq Yaqub. (2023). EVALUATION OF SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF SYNTHETIC DRUGS WITH VITAMINS ON MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM URINARY TRACT INFECTION. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(9), 519-539. https://doi.org/10.53555/55wny797
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Muhammad Attique Ur Rehman Awan
Department of Microbiology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Sumaira Gulshan
Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Mashta Ikram
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of South Asia Lahore, Pakistan
Fatima Ashraf
Insitute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Faiza Shabbir
Department of Dermatology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan
Shazia Shahani
Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Raheela Aslam
Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Hafiz Muhammad Farooq Yaqub
Insitute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
How to Cite
Muhammad Attique Ur Rehman Awan, Sumaira Gulshan, Mashta Ikram, Fatima Ashraf, Faiza Shabbir, Shazia Shahani, Raheela Aslam, & Hafiz Muhammad Farooq Yaqub. (2023). EVALUATION OF SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF SYNTHETIC DRUGS WITH VITAMINS ON MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM URINARY TRACT INFECTION. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(9), 519-539. https://doi.org/10.53555/55wny797