Oro-Facial manifestations of COVID-19 infection in a sample of Iraqi people
Main Article Content
Keywords
COVID-19, Oral Symptoms, Dry Mouth, Gustatory Dysfunction
Abstract
Public health officials are gravely concerned about the harm that viral illnesses continue to pose to humanity, various viral outbreaks, including the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona-Virus (MERS-CoV), H1N1 influenza, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS CoV-2 or COVID-19 that struck the globe in December 2019. A wide range of COVID-19 oral symptoms, such as ulceration, blisters, enanthems, hemorrhagic sores and cheilitis.
Aim: to investigate the prevalence of oral symptoms amongst COVID-19 patients due to the disease's aggressive nature and diverse symptomatology and to assess the impact of oral health conditions on COVID19 disease severity in a sample of Iraqi people.
Materials & Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted on (200) patients in total, (81) male and (119) female, who were identified as SARS-COV2 patients.
Results: COVID confirmed patients were involved in the present study with mean age (36.69±17.22) years & age range of (16-78) years. at least one of the oral manifestations was present in 72.5% of the patients, while about 27.5% did not experience any oro-facial symptoms. The oral symptom with the highest prevalence was dry mouth 50% followed by gustatory dysfunction 37% then burning mouth sensation 22.5% after that the oral pain 17%; myofacial pain 15.5 %; stomatitis\mucositis 14.5%; the prevalence of aphthous lesions, fissural cheilitis and tongue depapillation were at the same percentage which was 9.5%; then candidiasis 7.5%; the least prevalent oral symptoms was gingival bleeding at percentage of 2.5%.
Conclusions: COVID-19 has a noticeable effect on oral cavity, there was a correlations between some general and orofacial manifestations of COVID-19.
References
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7819.2009.01099.x.
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39. Salehi M , Khajavirad N , Darazam I, , Hashemi S J , Ansari S , Ghiasvand F , et al. Risk Factors of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in COVID-19
Patients: A Case-control Study. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2021 October; 16(5):e114631. doi: 10.5812/archcid.114631.
40. Karaarslan F, Güneri FD, Kardeş S. Long COVID: rheumatologic/musculoskeletal symptoms in hospitalized COVID-19 survivors at 3 and 6 months. Clin Rheumatol. 2022;41(1):289–296. doi:10.1007/s10067-021-05942-x.
41. Manjavachi MN, Motta EM, Marotta DM, Leite DFP, Calixto JB. Mechanisms involved in IL-6-induced muscular mechanical hyperalgesia in mice. Pain 151, 345–355 (2010).
42. Ganesan, A.; Kumar, S.; Kaur, A.; Chaudhry, K.; Kumar, P.; Dutt, N.; Nag, V.L.; Garg, M.K. Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection: An
Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg. 2022, 1–10. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. Sharma, P.; Malik, S.; Wadhwan, V.; Palakshappa, S.G.; Singh, R. Prevalence of oral manifestations in COVID-19: A systematic review. Rev. Med. Virol. 2022, e2345. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
44. Iranmanesh, B.; Khalili, M.; Amiri, R.; Zartab, H.; Aflatoonian, M. Oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease: A review article. Dermatol. Ther. 2021, 34, e14578. [CrossRef].
45. Binmadi N O , Aljohani S , Alsharif M T, Almazrooa S A and Sindi A M. Oral Manifestations of COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study of Their Prevalence and Association with Disease Severity, J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 4461. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/jcm11154461.
20 StatPearls Treasure Island (FL) StatPearls Publishing 2021 Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/.
2. Coronavirus Global Report 2021 Available from:https://covid19.who.int/ Updated on 2021 Jun 11.
3. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in china. N Engl J Med. 2020
Apr;382(18):1708-20. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
4. McLachlan CS (2020) The angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 are
distinctly different paradigms. Clin Hypertens 26. https://doi. org/10.1186/s40885-020-00147-x.
5. La Rosa GRM, Libra M, De Pasquale R, Ferlito S, Pedullà E. Association of Viral Infections With Oral Cavity Lesions: Role of SARS-CoV-2
Infection. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021;7(1059). pmid:33521007 View Article PubMed/NCBI Google Scholar
6. Amorim Dos Santos J, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva RL, Acevedo AC, De Luca Canto G, Sugaya N, et al. Oral Manifestations in Patients
with COVID-19: A Living Systematic Review. J Dent Res. 2021;100(2):141–54. Epub 2020/09/12. Pmid: 32914677. View Article PubMed/NCBI Google Scholar
7. Odard C,GaëlleA, DeneuveS, DesoutterA.Oral manifestation of Covid‐19 as an inaugural symptom?J Oral Med Oral Surg. 2020;26(2): 18.
https://doi.org/10.1051/mbcb/2020011.
8. FaviaG,TempestaA,BarileG,etal.Covid‐19 symptomatic patients with oral lesions:clinical and histopathological study on 123casesofthe
university hospital policlinic of bari with a purpose of a new classification.J Clin Med. 2021;10(4):757.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040757.
9. Mattos FF, Pordeus IA. COVID-19: a new turning point for dental practice. Braz Oral Res. 2020;34:e085.
10. Sylvestera S. V., Rusub R , Chanb B, Bellowsc M, ’Keefec C and Nicholsona S. Sex differences in sequelae from COVID-19 infection and in long COVID syndrome: a review CURRENT MEDICAL RESEARCH AND OPINION (2022).https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995..2081454
11. Tomo S, Miyahara GI, Simonato LE. Oral mucositis in a SARS-CoV-2-infected patient: Secondary or truly associated condition? Oral Dis.2020. doi: 10.1111/odi.13570.
12. Hassan H N and Altabatbaee S K. Post Covid-19 Syndrome: A Cross Sectional Study in Baghdad. Medico-legal Update, April-June2022, Vol.22, No 2.
13. Kushwaha S., Khanna P., Rajagopal V.and Kiran T. Biological attributes of age and gender variations in Indian COVID-19 cases: A
retrospective data analysis. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 11 (2021) 100788.
14. Muthyam A K., Reddy M P., Kulkarni S., Srilatha A., Sahithi K, Satyanarayana D. Oral manifestations in COVID-19 patients: An
observational study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. Volume 11: Issue 3: March 2022.
15. Pajukoski H, Meurman JH, Halonen P, Sulkava R. Prevalence of subjective dry mouth and burning mouth in hospitalized elderly patients and outpatients in relation to saliva, medication, and systemic diseases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;92(6):641–649. doi:10.1067/moe.2001.118478
16. Chen L, Zhao J, Peng J, et al. Detection of SARSCoV-2 in saliva and characterization of oral symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Cell Prolif.
2020; 53(12):e12923. doi:10.1111/cpr.12923.
17. Wang, C., Wu, H., Ding, X., Ji, H., Jiao, P., Song, H., Du, H. (2020). Does infection of 2019 novel coronavirus cause acute and/or chronic sialadenitis?.Medical Hypotheses, 140, 109789.
18. Tong, J. Y., Wong, A., Zhu, D., Fastenberg, J. H., & Tham, T. (2020). The prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 10, 1–15.
19. Chi H, Chiu NC, Peng CC, et al. One-seventh of patients with COVID-19 had olfactory and gustatory abnormalities as their initial symptoms:
a systematic review and meta-analysis. Life (Basel). 2020;10(9):158.
20. Gane SB, Kelly C, Hopkins C (2020) Isolated sudden onset anosmia in COVID-19 infection. A novel syndrome. Rhinology 58(3):299–301.
21. Cruz Tapia RO, Peraza Labrador AJ, Guimaraes DM, Matos Valdez LH. Oral mucosal lesions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Report of
four cases. Are they a true sign of COVID-19 disease? Spec Care Dentist. 2020; 40(6):555–60. Epub 2020/09/04. https://doi.org/10.1111/scd.12520 PMID: 32882068.
22. AbuBakr N, Salem Z, Kamel A. Oral manifestations in mild-to-moderate cases of COVID-19 viral infection in the adult population. Dent Med Probl 2021;58 0–0.doi:10.17219/dmp/130814.
23. Biadsee A, Biadsee A, Kassem F, Dagan O, Masarwa S, Ormianer Z. Olfactory and oral manifestations of COVID-19: sex-related
symptoms-a potential path-8way to early diagnosis. Otolaryngol Neck Surg 2020;163:722–8. doi:10.1177/0194599820934380.
24. Riad A, Kassem I, Hockova B, Badrah M, Klugar M. Tongue ulcers associated with SARS‐CoV‐2infection:a case series.Oral Dis.2020;00:1‐
3.https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13635
25. Hocková B, Riad A, Valky J, et al. Oral complications of ICU patients with COVID‐19:case‐series and review of two hundred ten cases .J Clin Med. 2021; 10(4):581.https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm1004058145.
26. El Kady D M. Gomaa E A. AbdellaW S. Hussien R A. Abd ElAziz R H. and Khater G A. Oral manifestations of COVID-19 patients: An online
survey ofthe Egyptian population. Clin Exp Dent Res.2021;7:852–860.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cre.
27. Manzalawi R. Alhmamey K. Abdelrasoul M. Gingival bleeding associated with COVID-19 infection. Clin Case Rep. 2021; 9:294–297.
28. Mizumoto, K., Kagaya, K., Zarebski, A., & Chowell, G. (2020). Estimatingthe asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19)cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan,2020.Eurosurveillance,25(10), 2000180.
29. Nishiura, H., Kobayashi, T., Miyama, T., Suzuki, A., Jung, S.-M., Hayashi, K., Akhmetzhanov, A. R. (2020). Estimation of the asymptomatic ratio of novel coronavirus infections (COVID19).International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 94, 154–155.
30. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020; 579(7798):1–4. https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095418/.
31. Hui DS and Zumla A. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Historical, Epidemiologic, and Clinical Features. Infect Dis Clin. 2019; 33(4):869–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2019.07.001 PMID: 31668196.
32. Mesquita R D. · Silva Junior L K F · Santana F M S· de Oliveira T F.· Alcântara R C· Arnozo G M · Filho E R · A dos Santos A G. · Euclides José Oliveira da Cunha · Saulo Henrique Salgueiro de Aquino · Carlos Dornels Freire de Souza .Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in the general population: systematic review. Wien Klin Wochenschr (2021) 133:377–382 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01760-4.
33. Yakobov E, Stanish W, Tanzer M, Dunbar M, Richardson G, Sullivan MJL. The prognostic value of pain catastrophizing in health-related
quality of life judgments after Total knee arthroplasty. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2018; 16(1):126. doi: 10.1186/s12955-018-0955-2.
34. Carlson CR, Miller CS, Reid KI. Psychosocial profiles of patients with burning mouth syndrome. J Orofac Pain 2000; 14(1):59–64.
35. Abetz LM, Savage NW. Burning mouth syndrome and psychological disorders. Aust Dent J 2009; 54(2):84–173. doi: 10.1111/j.1834-
7819.2009.01099.x.
36. Walter E, von Bronk L, Hickel R, Huth KC. Impact of COVID-19 on dental care during a national lockdown: a retrospective observational study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(15):7963. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerp h18157963.
37. Robertson D, Keys W, Rautemaa-Richardson R, Burns R, Smith A. Management of severe acute dental infections. BMJ. 2015; 350(mar24 10):h1300– h1300. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h1300.
38. Hopcraft, M.S.; Tan, C. Xerostomia: An update for clinicians. Aust. Dent. J. 2010, 55, 238–244. [CrossRef].
39. Salehi M , Khajavirad N , Darazam I, , Hashemi S J , Ansari S , Ghiasvand F , et al. Risk Factors of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in COVID-19
Patients: A Case-control Study. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2021 October; 16(5):e114631. doi: 10.5812/archcid.114631.
40. Karaarslan F, Güneri FD, Kardeş S. Long COVID: rheumatologic/musculoskeletal symptoms in hospitalized COVID-19 survivors at 3 and 6 months. Clin Rheumatol. 2022;41(1):289–296. doi:10.1007/s10067-021-05942-x.
41. Manjavachi MN, Motta EM, Marotta DM, Leite DFP, Calixto JB. Mechanisms involved in IL-6-induced muscular mechanical hyperalgesia in mice. Pain 151, 345–355 (2010).
42. Ganesan, A.; Kumar, S.; Kaur, A.; Chaudhry, K.; Kumar, P.; Dutt, N.; Nag, V.L.; Garg, M.K. Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection: An
Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg. 2022, 1–10. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. Sharma, P.; Malik, S.; Wadhwan, V.; Palakshappa, S.G.; Singh, R. Prevalence of oral manifestations in COVID-19: A systematic review. Rev. Med. Virol. 2022, e2345. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
44. Iranmanesh, B.; Khalili, M.; Amiri, R.; Zartab, H.; Aflatoonian, M. Oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease: A review article. Dermatol. Ther. 2021, 34, e14578. [CrossRef].
45. Binmadi N O , Aljohani S , Alsharif M T, Almazrooa S A and Sindi A M. Oral Manifestations of COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study of Their Prevalence and Association with Disease Severity, J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 4461. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/jcm11154461.
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Feb 13, 2023
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Noor H. Mohammad, Ahmed Y. Hameed, & Aysar N. Mahmood. (2023). Oro-Facial manifestations of COVID-19 infection in a sample of Iraqi people. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.1079
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