HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL SPECTRUM OF LESIONS OF SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Abstract

Introduction:
The gastrointestinal tract is prone to a broad range of pathological conditions, including congenital anomalies, inflammatory diseases, and neoplasms. This study aimed to evaluate the histomorphological patterns of lesions affecting the small and large intestines in a rural tertiary care hospital, correlating them with clinical and radiological findings.

Materials and Methods:

An observational study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, PESIMSR, Kuppam, from January 2021 to February 2024. A total of 115 intestinal specimens (biopsies, polypectomies, and resections) were analysed, excluding appendectomy and inadequate samples. Tissues were processed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and special stains (PAS, Alcian blue, ZN) were applied where necessary. Histomorphological features were correlated with clinical data.

Results:
Of the 115 cases, the large intestine was involved in 65.21%, with a slight female predominance (F:M = 1.07:1). Age ranged from 10 to 80 years. Non-neoplastic lesions accounted for 66.08%, with nonspecific colitis being the most common. Neoplastic lesions comprised 33.91%, with adenocarcinomas predominantly affecting the large intestine. Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma was the most common variant.

Conclusion:
Histopathological evaluation is crucial for accurate diagnosis and classification of intestinal lesions, guiding appropriate clinical management and prognosis. The study highlights the diversity of gastrointestinal lesions and the importance of early detection.