IMPACT OF SMOKING ON RENAL FUNCTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY USING PROTEIN-CREATININE RATIO AND MICROALBUMIN AS BIOMARKERS
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Keywords
Smokers, Microalbuminuria, Protein Creatinine Ratio, Kidney Function, Pack-Years, Early Nephropathy
Abstract
Introduction: Cigarette smoking has been implicated in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction, contributing to glomerular and tubular injury. Microalbuminuria serves as an early indicator of endothelial dysfunction and renal damage. The protein-creatinine ratio (PCR) offers a reliable and convenient method for assessing proteinuria in a single urine sample.
Aim and Objectives: To assess the prevalence of microalbuminuria and elevated protein-creatinine ratio in smokers, and to compare these findings with the duration and intensity of smoking exposure.
Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving 100 adult male participants aged 20–50 years, including 50 smokers and 50 age-matched non-smokers. Early morning midstream urine samples were collected for estimation of microalbumin (using immunoturbidimetric method) and urine protein and creatinine (for calculating PCR). Smoking history was obtained via structured questionnaire, and pack-years were calculated.
Conclusion: The study demonstrated a statistically significant increase in microalbuminuria and urine PCR in smokers compared to non-smokers. These findings reinforce the importance of routine renal function monitoring in smokers to facilitate early intervention and prevent long-term complications.
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Dr. Sunita Singh
Associate Professor, Dept. of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur
Dr. Jaishree Choudary
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan
Dr Shehreen Akhtar
Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Dr KNS Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, UP