COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF PLASMA RICH PROTEIN AND PLASMA RICH PROTEIN LOADED WITH THREE DIFFERENT ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AGAINST ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS AN IN VITRO STUDY
Main Article Content
Keywords
Antibiotics; Antimicrobial agents; Antimicrobial efficacy; Enterococcus faecalis; Plasma rich protein.
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial activity of plasma-rich protein (PRP) alone and in combination with three antimicrobial agents—Clindamycin, Metronidazole, and Cefaclor—against Enterococcus faecalis, a common and resilient endodontic pathogen. PRP is known for its regenerative properties, and its role as a potential antimicrobial carrier was explored in this context. Blood samples were obtained from healthy participants and processed using a standardized two-step centrifugation method to isolate PRP. Clinical isolates of E. faecalis were collected from patients with oral and dental infections. The study included five experimental groups: PRP alone, PRP combined with each of the three antibiotics, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a control. The antibiotic concentrations within PRP were standardized before application. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the agar disc diffusion technique by measuring the zones of inhibition.
The results revealed that PRP alone did not exhibit any significant antibacterial effect against E. faecalis. However, when PRP was loaded with antibiotics, a marked increase in antimicrobial activity was observed compared to the control. Among the antibiotics tested, Clindamycin demonstrated the greatest efficacy when used individually, while PRP combined with Cefaclor produced the largest zone of inhibition among the PRP-antibiotic combinations.
In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of PRP as a bioactive carrier for antimicrobial agents. The combination of PRP with antibiotics may enhance localized drug delivery and infection control, especially in cases involving resistant organisms like E. faecalis, while also supporting tissue regeneration in endodontic therapy.
References
2. Alagl A, Bedi S, Hassan K, AlHumaid J: Use of platelet-rich plasma for regeneration in non-vital immature permanent teeth: Clinical and cone-beam computed tomography evaluation. Journal of International Medical Research. 2017, 45:583-93. 10.1177/0300060517692935
3. Intravia J, Allen DA, Durant TJ, et al.: In vitro evaluation of the anti-bacterial effect of two preparations of platelet rich plasma compared with cefazolin and whole blood. Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal. 2014, 4:79. 10.11138/mltj/2014.4.1.079
4. Çetinkaya RA, Yenilmez E, Petrone P, et al.: Platelet-rich plasma as an additional therapeutic option for infected wounds with multi-drug resistant bacteria: in vitro antibacterial activity study. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery. 2019, 1:555-65. 10.1007/s00068-018-0957-0
5. Wang S, Li Y, Li S, et al.: Platelet-rich plasma loaded with antibiotics as an affiliated treatment for infected bone defect by combining wound healing property and antibacterial activity.. Platelet-rich. 202119, 32:479-91. 10.1016/j.joms.2003.12.003
6. Drago L, Bortolin M, Vassena C, Taschieri S, Del Fabbro M: Antimicrobial activity of pure platelet-rich plasma against microorganisms isolated from oral cavity. BMC Microbiol. 2013, 13:47. 10.1186/1471-2180-13-47
7. Yang LC, Hu SW, Yan M, Yang JJ, Tsou SH, Lin YY: Antimicrobial activity of platelet‐rich plasma and other plasma preparations against periodontal pathogens. Journal of periodontology. 2015, 86:310-8. 10.1902/jop.2014.140373
8. Bhamjee F: The in vitro antimicrobial activity of advanced platelet rich fibrin [A-PRF] against microorganisms of the oral cavity.
9. Lucarelli E, Beretta R, Dozza B, et al.: A recently developed bifacial platelet-rich fibrin matrix. Eur Cell Mater. 2010, 20:13-23. 10.22203/eCM.v020Aa0n2e
10. Fouad AF, Verma P: Healing after regenerative procedures with and without pulpal infection. J Endod. 2014, 40:58-64. 10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.022
11. de Mendonça Cavalcante A, Soares NM, Santos IC, de Azevedo Ximenes EA, da Silva MA, Junior KA: Assessment of microbiota in root canals with pulp necrosis by means ofGram test. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2018, 12:508-11. 10.5897/AJMR2017.8762
12. Karde PA, Sethi KS, Mahale SA, Khedkar SU, Patil AG, Joshi CP: Comparative evaluation of platelet count and antimicrobial efficacy of injectable platelet-rich fibrin with otherplatelet concentrates: An in vitro study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2017, 21:97-101. 10.4103/jisp.jisp_201_17
13. Tang YQ, Yeaman MR, Selsted ME: Antimicrobial peptides from human platelets. Infect Immun. 2002, 70:6524-33. 10.1128/iai.70.12.6524-6533.2002
14. Toffler M, Toscano N, Holtzclaw D, Corso MD, Ehrenfest DD: Introducing Choukroun's platelet rich fibrin [PRF] to the reconstructive surgery milieu. J Implant Adv Clin. 2009:21-30. 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.06.044
15. Dohan DM, Choukroun J, Diss A, et al.: Platelet-rich fibrin [PRF]: A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part II: Platelet-related biologicfeatures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006, 101:45-50. 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.07.009
16. Badade PS, Mahale SA, Panjwani AA, Vaidya PD, Warang AD: Antimicrobial effect of platelet-rich plasma and platelet-rich fibrin. Indian J Dent Res. 2016, 27:300-4. 10.4103/0970-9290.186231
17. Bielecki T, Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Everts PA, Wiczkowski A: The role of leukocytes from L-PRP/L-PRF in wound healing and immune defense: New perspectives. Curr PharmBiotechnol. 2012, 13:1153-62. 10.2174/138920112800624373
18. Fabbro MD, Bortolin M, Taschieri S, Ceci C, Weinstein RL: Antimicrobial properties of platelet-rich preparations. A systematic review of the current pre-clinical evidence.Platelets. 2016, 27:276-85. 10.3109/09537104.2015.1116686
19. Bielecki TM, Gazdzik TS, Arendt J, Szczepanski T, Krol W, Wielkoszynski T: Antibacterial effect of autologous platelet gel enriched with growth factors and other active substances: an in vitro study. The. Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 2007, 89:417-420. 10.1302/0301-620X.89B3.18491
20. Cieslik-Bielecka A, Gazdzik TS, Bielecki TM, Cieslik T: Why the platelet-rich gel has antimicrobial activity?. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007, 103:303-305. 10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.08.034
21. Mazzocca AD, McCarthy MB, Chowaniec DM, et al.: Platelet rich plasma differs according to preparation method and human variability. The. Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume. 2012, 94:308-316. 10.2106/JBJS.K.00430
22. Yeaman MR: The role of platelets in antimicrobial host defense. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997, 25:951-968. 10.1016/B978-0-12-813456-6.00029-1
23. Mariani E, Filardo G, Canella V, et al.: Platelet-rich plasma affects bacterial growth in vitro. Cytotherapy. 2014, 16:1294-304. 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.06.003
24. Dhurat R, Sukesh M: Principles and methods of preparation of platelet-rich plasma: a review and author’s perspective. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2014, 7:189-97. 10.4103/0974-2077.150734
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Dhanashree Gunjal
MDS Post Graduate Student at Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SMBT Institute of dental sciences and research, Dhamangaon, Nashik, IND
Pawan Patel
MDS Professor and Head at Department of Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SMBT Institute of dental sciences and research, Dhamangaon, Nashik, IND
Aarti Bohora
MDS Professor and Guide at Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SMBT Institute of dental sciences and research, Dhamangaon, Nashik, IND
Vinay Sharma
MDS Reader and Guide at Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SMBT Institute of dental sciences and research, Dhamangaon, Nashik, IND
Sneha Dole
MDS Senior Lecturer at Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SMBT Institute of dental sciences and research, Dhamangaon, Nashik, IND