PREVELANCE OF UTIS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ANTIBIOTICS AND HERBAL EXTRACTS ON MDR UROPATHOGENS
Main Article Content
Keywords
UTI, Uropathogens, MDR Strains, Antibacterial Effects.
Abstract
Introduction-Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) in humans are the rising challenges worldwide especially the emergence of the multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. Individuas of ages may be affected by simple and complex form of UTIs. These may be caused by both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. The MDR uropathogens are recognized for causing complex UTIs worldwide.
Materials and method-The focus of this study is on the frequency of UTIs caused by MDR gram negative bacteria and the antibacterial activity of antibiotic and their susceptibility pattern to antibiotics and herbal extracts (Oregano vulgare L., and Thymus vulgaris L. A total of 1128 (n=1128) urine samples were collected from 5–25, 26–50, and 51–75 years of patients of both genders. The samples were inoculated media for microbial growth, characterization, and susceptibility of test antibiotics and herbal extracts.
Result-Our findings revealed that females are more affected than males, with 63%, 63%, and 59% when examined the catheterized, midstream and diabetic urine samples predominantly caused by E. coli followed by K. pneumoniae 15%, 17%, 15%; P. mirabilis 14%, 14.5%, 14%; E. cloacae 5%, 2%, 1.5%, and P. aeruginosa 2%, 3%, and 10% in both genders, respectively.
Conclusion-Antibiotic susceptibility revealed the greater resistance of E. coli to amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefotaxime, amoxicillin-clavulanate, nitrofurantoin, and ciprofloxacin followed by K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae, and P. aeruginosa. The synergistic effect of both extracts showed a more significant influence at concentrations of 1.0, 1.0, 1.2, 1.2, and 1.0 mL/100 mL. respectively. The antibacterial properties of Oregano vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L. exhibited increased effectiveness at concentrations of 1.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.2, and 1.2, respectively.
References
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2. Pezeshki NM, Dagoohian A, Rajaie S, et al. Common microbial causes of significant bacteriuria and their antibiotic resistance pattern in the Isfahan Province of Iran. Journal of Chemotherapy. 2018;30(6-8):348-53.
3. Tandogdu Z, Wagenlehner FM. Global epidemiology of urinary tract infections. Current opinion in infectious diseases. 2016;29(1):73-9.
4. Nicolle LE. A practical guide to antimicrobial management of complicated urinary tract infection. Drugs & aging. 2001;18:243-54.
5. Minardi D, d’Anzeo G, Cantoro D, et al. Muzzonigro G. Urinary tract infections in women: etiology and treatment options. International journal of general medicine. 2011;19:333-43.
6. Ronald AR, Nicolle LE, Stamm E, et al. Urinary tract infection in adults: research priorities and strategies. International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2001;17(4):343-8.
7. Ronald A. The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens. The American journal of medicine. 2002;113(1):14-9.
8. Lloyd AL, Rasko DA, Mobley HL. Defining genomic islands and uropathogen-specific genes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Journal of bacteriology. 2007;189(9):3532-46.
9. Foxman B. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs. The American journal of medicine. 2002;113(1):5-13.
10. Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, et al., Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nature reviews microbiology. 2015;13(5):269-84.
11. John AS, Mboto CI, Agbo B. A review on the prevalence and predisposing factors responsible for urinary tract infection among adults. Euro J Exp Bio. 2016;6(4):7-11.
12. Lee AC, Quaiyum MA, Mullany LC, et al. Screening and treatment of maternal genitourinary tract infections in early pregnancy to prevent preterm birth in rural Sylhet, Bangladesh: a cluster randomized trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2015;15:1-4.
13. Hannan TJ, Totsika M, Mansfield KJ, et al. Host-pathogen checkpoints and population bottlenecks in persistent and intracellular uropathogenic Escherichia coli bladder infection. FEMS microbiology reviews. 2012;36(3):616-48.
14. Ahmed N, Zaidi SA, Rasool S. Frequency of urinary tract infections and causative agents in different age groups in both genders in a tertiary care hospital. Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College. 2016;6(3):4..
15. Alekshun MN, Levy SB. Molecular mechanisms of antibacterial multidrug resistance. Cell. 2007;128(6):1037-50.
16. Kodner CM, Gupton EK. Recurrent urinary tract infections in women: diagnosis and management. American family physician. 2010; 82(6):638-43.
17. Ullah A, Shah SR, Almugadam BS, et al. Prevalence of symptomatic urinary tract infections and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated uropathogens in kohat region of Pakistan. MOJ Biol Med. 2018;3(4):85-9.
18. Rizvi RM, Siddiqui KM. Recurrent urinary tract infections in females. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2010;60(1):55.
19. Najma MQ, Summyia B. Evaluation of extended spectrum beta-lactamase mediated resistance in E. coli and Klebsiella in urinary tract infection at a tertiary care hospital. Biomedica. 2013; 29:78-81.
20. Sharma M, Pathak S, Srivastava P. Prevalence and antibiogram of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram negative bacilli and further molecular characterization of ESBL producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2013;7(10):2173.
21. Panta K, Ghimire P, Rai SK, et al. Antibiogram typing of gram negative isolates in different clinical samples of a tertiary hospital. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2013;6(1):153-6.
22. Corvec S, Beyrouthy R, Crémet L, et al. TEM-187, a new extended-spectrum β-lactamase with weak activity in a Proteus mirabilis clinical strain. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2013;57(5):2410-2.
23. Schneider I, Markovska R, Marteva-Proevska Y, et al. Detection of CMY-99, a novel acquired AmpC-type β-lactamase, and VIM-1 in Proteus mirabilis isolates in Bulgaria. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2014;58(1):620-1.
24. Huang CW, Chien JH, Peng RY, et al. Molecular epidemiology of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Proteus mirabilis isolates in Taiwan. International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2015;45(1):84-5.
25. Ashfaq S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, et al. Medicinal plant biodiversity used among the rural communities of arid regions of northern Punjab, Pakistan. Indian J Trad Knowl. 2019;18(2):226-241.
26. Forbes B, Sahm D, Weissfeld A. Bailey & Scott’s DiagnoStic Microbiology-Text and Study Guide Package., New York: Elsevier 2007.
27. Mahon C, Lehman D, Manuselis G. Text Book of Diagnostic Microbiology, New York: Elsevier 2011.
28. Mohanty S, Gaind R, Ranjan R, Deb M. Use of the cefepime-clavulanate ESBL Etest for detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in AmpC co-producing bacteria. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2010;4(01):024-9.
29. Bakshi R, Walia G, Shikha J. Prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamases in multidrug resistant strains of gram negative Bacilli. J Acad Indus Res. 2013;1(9):558-60.
30. Awari A, Nighute S, Khatoon M. Study of urinary isolates with reference to extended spectrum beta lactamases detection and antibiogram. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2013 Mar 4;2(9):1049-56.
31. Aishah QA, Peni I. Antibacterial Activity of Combination of Ethanol Extract of Peppermint Leaves (Malestha piperita L.) and Amikacin against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli. J Nutraceut Herbal Med. 2021;4(1):12-29.
32. Bankova R, Popova TP. Antimicrobial activity in vitro of aqueous extracts of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 2017;6:1-2.
33. Hashim N, Abdullah S, Hassan LS, et al. A study of neem leaves: Identification of method and solvent in extraction. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021;42:217-21.
34. Parbuntari H, Prestica Y, Gunawan R, et al. Preliminary phytochemical screening (qualitative analysis) of cacao leaves (Theobroma cacao L.). Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA (E-ISSN: 2549-7464). 2018 Oct 30;19(2):40-5.
35. Ahmed Z, Noor AA. 22. Antibacterial activity of Momordica charantia L. and Citrus limon L. on gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB). 2020;9(1):207-18.
36. Kibret M, Abera B. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of E. coli from clinical sources in northeast Ethiopia. African health sciences. 2011;11:40-5.
37. Yang X, Chen H, Zheng Y, et al., Disease burden and long-term trends of urinary tract infections: a worldwide report. Frontiers in public health. 2022;27:10.
38. Corrie P. How urinary tract infections (UTIs) negatively impact females’ quality of life. Medical News Today. (2023. ) https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/urinary-tract-infections-utis-femaless-sleep-sex-quality-of-life (accessed on: February 19, 2023).
39. Urinalysis (2021). https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/urinalysis/ (accessed on: May 13 , 2023).
40. Dongkai, C. Peishan, G. Fengju, L, et al., Urine Culture in Hospitalized Patients during 2014-2018: An Analysis on Pathogen Distribution and Drug Sensitivity. Hindawi Disease Markers 2021;1-7.
41. Mancuso G, Midiri A, Gerace E, et al. Urinary tract infections: the current scenario and future prospects. Pathogens. 2023;12(4):623.
42. Caneiras C, Lito L, Melo-Cristino J, et al., Community-and hospital-acquired Klebsiella pneumoniae urinary tract infections in Portugal: virulence and antibiotic resistance. Microorganisms. 2019;7(5):138.
43. Klebsiella infection Fact Sheet (2023) https://www.health.pa.gov (accessed on: March 24, 2023).
44. Singh R, Rohilla RK, Sangwan K, et al. Bladder management methods and urological complications in spinal cord injury patients. Indian journal of orthopaedics. 2011;45:141-7.
45. Cole SJ, Records AR, Orr MW, et al. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is mediated by exopolysaccharide-independent biofilms. Infection and immunity. 2014;82(5):2048-58.
46. Mishra SK, Dash S, Mishra A, et al., In-vitro study of the activity of some medicinal plant leaf extracts on urinary tract infection causing bacterial pathogens isolated from indigenous people of Bolangir district, Odisha, India. bioRxiv. 2020;26:2020-6.
47. Timothy K. The Pathogenesis of E. coli Urinary Tract Infection.In: Escherichia coli: Recent Advances on Physiology, Pathogenesis and Biotechnological Applications. IntechOpen 2017.
48. Sood S, Gupta R. Antibiotic resistance pattern of community acquired uropathogens at a tertiary care hospital in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Indian journal of community medicine. 2012;1;37(1):39-44.
49. Akram M, Shahid M, Khan AU. Etiology and antibiotic resistance patterns of community-acquired urinary tract infections in JNMC Hospital Aligarh, India. Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials. 2007 Jan;6:1-7.
50. Dash M, Padhi S, Mohanty I, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens causing urinary tract infections in a rural community of Odisha, India. Journal of Family and Community Medicine. 2013;20(1):20-6.
51. Kumar SB, Tumbahangphe M, Shakya J, et al. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract infections: A review on epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatments and prevention. Novel Research in Microbiology Journal. 2022;6(4):1614-34.
52. Storme O, Tirán Saucedo J, Garcia-Mora A, et al. Risk factors and predisposing conditions for urinary tract infection. Therapeutic advances in urology. 2019; 11:1756287218814382.
53. Huang Z, Xiao H, Li H, et al. Analysis of the incidence and risk factors of male urinary tract infection following urodynamic study. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2017;36:1873-8.
54. Health Direct. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au (accessed on: May 11, 2023)
55. He K, Hu Y, Shi JC, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and microorganisms of urinary tract infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study in China. Therapeutics and clinical risk management. 2018;26:403-8.
56. Yitayeh L, Gize A, Kassa M et al. Antibiogram profiles of bacteria isolated from different body site infections among patients admitted to GAMBY teaching general hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Infection and Drug resistance. 2021;15:2225-32.
57. Galani I, Souli M, Panagea T, et al. Prevalence of 16S rRNA methylase genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from a Greek university hospital. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2012;18(3):E52-4.
58. Miryala SK, Anbarasu A, Ramaiah S. Gene interaction network approach to elucidate the multidrug resistance mechanisms in the pathogenic bacterial strain Proteus mirabilis. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2021;236(1):468-79.
59. Ballén V, Gabasa Y, Ratia C, et al. Antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from different clinical sources. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2021;11:738223.
60. Alqurashi E, Elbanna K, Ahmad I, et al. Antibiotic Resistance in Proteus mirabilis: Mechanism, Status, and Public Health Significance. Journal of Pure & Applied Microbiology. 2022;16(3): 1550-61.
61. Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. Pharmacy and therapeutics. 2015;40(4):277.
62. Dehkordi EB, Tajbakhsh E, Momtaz H. Molecular characterization of Enterobacter cloacae isolated from urinary tract infections. Jundishapur J. Microbiol. 2022;15:e122718.
63. Akbari M, Bakhshi B, Peerayeh SN. Particular distribution of Enterobacter cloacae strains isolated from urinary tract infection within clonal complexes. Iranian biomedical journal. 2016;20(1):49.
64. What Causes E. cloacae Complex? https://www.emedicinehealth.com (accessed on: May 11, 2023).
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Sep 28, 2024
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Rasheed Ahmed Soomro, Agha Asad Noor, & Nazir Ahmed Brohi. (2024). PREVELANCE OF UTIS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ANTIBIOTICS AND HERBAL EXTRACTS ON MDR UROPATHOGENS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(9), 4255-4263. https://doi.org/10.53555/6w3hyw88
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Author Biographies
Rasheed Ahmed Soomro
Institute of Microbiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Agha Asad Noor
Institute of Microbiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Nazir Ahmed Brohi
Institute of Microbiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
How to Cite
Rasheed Ahmed Soomro, Agha Asad Noor, & Nazir Ahmed Brohi. (2024). PREVELANCE OF UTIS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ANTIBIOTICS AND HERBAL EXTRACTS ON MDR UROPATHOGENS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(9), 4255-4263. https://doi.org/10.53555/6w3hyw88