COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS, BMI AND GLYCEMIC INDEX AMONG DIABETICS AND NON-DIABETICS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Diabetes mellitus, Body Mass Index, Glycemic Index, Central Corneal Thickness, Glycated Hemoglobin
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with systemic complications, including obesity and ocular alterations. This study investigates the relationship between Central Corneal thickness (CCT), Body Mass Index (BMI), blood glucose markers (Random Blood Sugar [RBS] and Glycated Hemoglobin [HbA1c] in type 2 diabetic patients, with a focus on Pakistani populations.
Methodology: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 participants (50 diabetics and 50 non-diabetics). BMI, RBS, HbA1c, and CCT were measured and analyzed. Participants were stratified by gender, and statistical methods including Pearson’s correlation were used to analyze data.
Results: Diabetic participants exhibited significantly higher BMI, RBS, HbA1c, and CCT compared to non-diabetics. A positive correlation was observed between HbA1c and CCT, suggesting that poor glycemic control contributes to structural ocular changes.
Conclusion: This study highlights the multifaceted nature of diabetes, linking metabolic and ocular health indicators. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive diabetes management, including dietary modification and regular ocular assessments to monitor disease progression.
References
2. Dilworth, L., Facey, A., & Omoruyi, F. (2021). Diabetes mellitus and its metabolic complications: the role of adipose tissues. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(14), 7644.
3. Siddiqui, M. K., Anjana, R. M., Dawed, A. Y., Martoeau, C., Srinivasan, S., Saravanan, J., ... & Mohan, V. (2022). Young-onset diabetes in Asian Indians is associated with lower measured and genetically determined beta cell function. Diabetologia, 65(6), 973-983.
4. Kesztyüs, D., Lampl, J., & Kesztyüs, T. (2021). The weight problem: overview of the most common concepts for body mass and fat distribution and critical consideration of their usefulness for risk assessment and practice. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(21), 11070.
5. Kuang, M., Sheng, G., Hu, C., Lu, S., Peng, N., & Zou, Y. (2022). The value of combining the simple anthropometric obesity parameters, Body Mass Index (BMI) and a Body Shape Index (ABSI), to assess the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids in health and disease, 21(1), 104.
6. Janssen, J. A. (2021). Hyperinsulinemia and its pivotal role in aging, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(15), 7797.
7. Kojta, I., Chacińska, M., & Błachnio-Zabielska, A. (2020). Obesity, bioactive lipids, and adipose tissue inflammation in insulin resistance. Nutrients, 12(5), 1305.
8. Golubnitschaja, O., Liskova, A., Koklesova, L., Samec, M., Biringer, K., Büsselberg, D., ... & Kubatka, P. (2021). Caution,“normal” BMI: health risks associated with potentially masked individual underweight—EPMA Position Paper 2021. EPMA Journal, 12(3), 243-264.
9. Gutin, I. (2021). Body mass index is just a number: Conflating riskiness and unhealthiness in discourse on body size. Sociology of health & illness, 43(6), 1437-1453.
10. Zou, W., Butardo Jr, V. M., Toutounji, M., Luo, J., Farahnaky, A., & Blanchard, C. (2020). Harnessing particle disintegration of cooked rice grains for predicting glycaemic index. Carbohydrate Polymers, 248, 116789.
11. Kaur, J., Kaur, K., Singh, B., Singh, A., & Sharma, S. (2021). Insights into the latest advances in low glycemic foods, their mechanism of action and health benefits. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 1-14.
12. Vlachos, D., Malisova, S., Lindberg, F. A., & Karaniki, G. (2020). Glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) and dietary interventions for optimizing postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with T2 diabetes: A review. Nutrients, 12(6), 1561.
13. Portincasa, P., Bonfrate, L., Wang, D. Q. H., Frühbeck, G., Garruti, G., & Di Ciaula, A. (2022). Novel insights into the pathogenic impact of diabetes on the gastrointestinal tract. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 52(11), e13846.
14. Tamura, Y., Omura, T., Toyoshima, K., & Araki, A. (2020). Nutrition management in older adults with diabetes: a review on the importance of shifting prevention strategies from metabolic syndrome to frailty. Nutrients, 12(11), 3367.
15. Hwalla, N., Jaafar, Z., & Sawaya, S. (2021). Dietary management of type 2 diabetes in the MENA region: a review of the evidence. Nutrients, 13(4), 1060.
16. Canan, H., Sahinoglu-Keskek, N., & Altan-Yaycioglu, R. (2020). The relationship of central corneal thickness with the status of diabetic retinopathy. BMC ophthalmology, 20, 1-7.
17. Goldstein, A. S., Janson, B. J., Skeie, J. M., Ling, J. J., & Greiner, M. A. (2020). The effects of diabetes mellitus on the corneal endothelium: A review. Survey of ophthalmology, 65(4), 438-450.
18. Patel, T., Umeh, K., Poole, H., Vaja, I., & Newson, L. (2021). Cultural identity conflict informs engagement with self-management Behaviours for south Asian patients living with Type-2 diabetes: a critical interpretative synthesis of qualitative research studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2641.
19. Lim, S., Wyatt, L. C., Mammen, S., Zanowiak, J. M., Mohaimin, S., Troxel, A. B., ... & Islam, N. S. (2021). Implementation of a multi-level community-clinical linkage intervention to improve glycemic control among south Asian patients with uncontrolled diabetes: study protocol of the DREAM initiative. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 21, 1-12.
20. Hertler, C., Seiler, A., Gramatzki, D., Schettle, M., & Blum, D. (2020). Sex-specific and gender-specific aspects in patient-reported outcomes. Esmo Open, 5, e000837.
21. Ramírez-Morros, A., Franch-Nadal, J., Real, J., Gratacòs, M., & Mauricio, D. (2022). Sex differences in cardiovascular prevention in type 2: diabetes in a real-world practice database. Journal of clinical medicine, 11(8), 2196.
22. Aliahmadi, M., Amiri, F., Bahrami, L. S., Hosseini, A. F., Abiri, B., & Vafa, M. (2021). Effects of raw red beetroot consumption on metabolic markers and cognitive function in type 2 diabetes patients. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 20, 673-682.
23. Casten, R., Leiby, B. E., Kelley, M., & Rovner, B. W. (2022). A randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of a diabetes behavioral intervention to prevent memory decline in older blacks/African Americans with diabetes and mild cognitive impairment. Contemporary clinical trials, 123, 106977.
24. Vlachos, D., Malisova, S., Lindberg, F. A., & Karaniki, G. (2020). Glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) and dietary interventions for optimizing postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with T2 diabetes: A review. Nutrients, 12(6), 1561.
25. Bergia, R. E., Giacco, R., Hjorth, T., Biskup, I., Zhu, W., Costabile, G., ... & Riccardi, G. (2022). Differential glycemic effects of low-versus high-glycemic index mediterranean-style eating patterns in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: the MEDGI-carb randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 14(3), 706.
26. Almutairi, N. M., Alahmadi, S., Alharbi, M., Gotah, S., & Alharbi, M. (2021). The association between HbA1c and other biomarkers with the prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy. Cureus, 13(1).
27. Königsrainer, A., Heni, M., Häring, H.-U., Ullrich, S., & Birkenfeld, A. L. Pancreatic fat cells of humans with type 2 diabetes display reduced 2 adipogenic and lipolytic activity 3.
28. Lind, M., Pivodic, A., Svensson, A.-M., Ólafsdóttir, A. F., Wedel, H., & Ludvigsson, J. (2019). HbA1c level as a risk factor for retinopathy and nephropathy in children and adults with type 1 diabetes: Swedish population based cohort study. Bmj, 366.
29. Wang, X., Xu, G., Wang, W., Wang, J., Chen, L., He, M., & Chen, Z. (2020). Changes in corneal biomechanics in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Diabetologica, 57, 973-981.
30. Wondmkun, Y. T. (2020). Obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes: associations and therapeutic implications. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 3611-3616.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Dr. Shazia Fahmi
Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Karachi Medical & Dental College, Karachi.
Dr. Asma Aijaz
Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Karachi Medical & Dental College, Karachi.
Dr. Faiza Misbah
Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Karachi Medical & Dental College, Karachi.
Dr. M S Fahmi
Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Baqai Medical University Karachi.
Dr. Beena Zehra
Senior Lecturer, Department of Physiology, Karachi Medical & Dental College, Karachi.
Dr. Rakhshinda Younus
Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology (Microbiology), Baqai Medical College, Baqai University.