THE ROLE OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED SEEDS IN TRANSFORMING INDIAN AGRICULTURE: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Abstract

Genetically modified (GM) seeds have become an important agricultural innovation with the potential to address major challenges facing Indian agriculture, including low productivity, climate change, pest infestations, and increasing food demand. By incorporating desirable genetic traits such as insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and improved stress resilience, GM seeds can enhance crop yields, reduce pesticide use, and improve farmers' incomes. However, their adoption in India remains controversial due to concerns regarding environmental sustainability, biosafety, biodiversity conservation, regulatory uncertainty, and socio-economic implications for smallholder farmers.  The paper argues that the successful integration of GM seeds into Indian agriculture requires a balanced and science-based regulatory framework, increased public investment in biotechnology research, transparent risk assessment, and effective farmer awareness programs. It concludes that while genetically modified seeds offer significant opportunities to improve agricultural productivity and resilience, their long-term success depends on responsible governance, environmental safeguards, and inclusive policies that protect farmers' interests while ensuring sustainable agricultural development. Such an approach can help India achieve food security, enhance rural livelihoods, and strengthen the resilience of its agricultural sector.